Understanding the Protestant Reformation: Luther's 95 Theses and its Impact on Christianity

1. What do you know T-Chart Catholicism Protestantism • Head of the religion • Religious capital (city) • Name of clergy members • Rules for clergy (marriage, dress) • Language at services

2. The Protestant Reformation

3. Bell Work • List 3 specific problems you have with school. • Why do you feel this way? • How would you change it?

4. OBJECTIVE • Understand why the Protestant Reformation happened • Understand the main points of Martin Luther’s 95 Thesis

5. Causes of the Reformation • Renaissance • Values • Printing Press & Vernacular • Powerful Monarchs • People were unhappy with the Church • Corruption

6. Abuses in the Church • Church charged fees for services: • marriages, funerals, and baptisms • To raise money to support their lifestyle • Simony • Selling of Church offices • Marriage of Priests • Salvation through ---- Indulgences

7. Indulgences • Monies people paid to priests • decreased their soul’s time in purgatory • Released a sinner from performing a penalty for sins • A pardon • John Tetzel • He offered indulgences to anyone who contributed money for rebuilding the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome. • not only to living people but for their dead relatives as well

8. Early Critics • John Wycliffe & Jan Hus • Denied pope had worldly power • Bible had more power than Church leaders

9. Questions • What are indulgences? • Who is John Tetzel? • Predict which of the reasons for the Reformation will cause Luther to protest.

10. Protestant Reformation: Luther Challenges the Church

11. Background… • rough childhood • His parents were peasants • His parents were cruel • The storm that changed Luther’s life • Luther devotes his life to the church • Wants to be a good Christian • Unhappy with the church

12. Luther the Monk • Luther spent every waking hour trying to earn his way into heaven • The harder Luther worked, the more he became disillusioned by the demands of the church

13. Problems With the Church? • Popes became very rich • Popes were involved in wars • Many priests & monks were poorly educated • No German Bibles • Many also had wives & children!

14. Luther Challenges the Church • Luther became upset • Problems in church & Johann Tetzel • Luther’s response: • The 95 Thesis • This starts the Reformation

15. 95 Theses • Nails to Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany • Major Points • Bible Alone • Bible is Ultimate Authority • Faith alone • Salvation only attained by faith • All are equal • All believers are equal under god

16. Called for Modifications • Rejected 5 of 7 sacraments, not in the Bible • Banned indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, prayers to saints • Allow clergy to marry

17. Questions • After the storm, what does Luther promise to become? • What is Luther’s response to Tetzel selling indulgences? • What are Luther’s 3 main points?

18. To Do • Analyze the 95 Theses

19. Bell Work • What practices of the Catholic Church might have angered churchgoers? • Popes pursued worldly affairs, indulgences, and marriage/children • What caused Luther’s ideas to spread throughout Germany • Printed word, people started thinking for themselves

20. Objective: • Understand and determine the cause and effect of how different groups responded to Luther’s 95 Thesis • Church/Pope • Holy Roman Emperor • German Princes • Peasants • Understand the importance of Henry VIII decision to separate from the Catholic Church and how his actions are linked to Luther as well as Germany. • Reason: It will help students understand the causes, effects and responses to Luther’s 95 Theses.

21. Exit Slip On a half piece of paper answer these questions: • What did you think of the way this activity was run? Please be honest. • If you could have changed this activity for the better, what would you have done and why? • How did the church want people to reach salvation? How did Luther want people to reach salvation? • What are the three major Protestant religions? • What is predestination and which religion believes in it?

22. Luther – the movie

23. Luther’s Response at Worms • I am bound by the Scriptures I have quoted and my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not retract anything, since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. I cannot do otherwise, here I stand, may God help me. Amen. • Go over Video Clip

24. Response of the Church • Pope Leo issued a decree • Threaten excommunication • Luther refuses to recant • Luther excommunicated • Though Luther was excommunicated; his ideas still spread. How?

25. Holy Roman Emperor • Charles V • Devout Catholic • Diet at Worms • Ordered Luther to trial • Luther refused to recant • Edict of Worms

26. Edit of Worms • Charles declared Luther an outlaw & heretic • What does this mean for Luther? • What happened to Luther after the trial? • Some princes helped him • Luther’s followers became known as • Lutherans • Anyone that protested against the Catholic Church become known as • Protestants

27. Peasant Revolts • Unhappy • Wanted reform like Luther • Social & Economic • End Serfdom • Peasants Revolt • Luther upset • Revolt is not how to do things • Princes’ armies crush revolt, told by Luther • Peasants reject Luther

28. German Princes • German Princes • Some shared beliefs • Some want land back • From Charles V • Others remained loyal to the Pope • War with Charles V • Charles V tried to force Lutheran princes back into the Catholic Church • Protestants vs. Catholics • Peace of Augsburg

29. Peace of Augsburg • (1555) Peace of Augsburg allowed princes to decide the religion of their land: • Catholic or Lutheran • Most northern states: Lutheran • Southern states: Catholic

30. Questions • What in Luther’s teachings inspired the peasants to revolt • People are free to make their own decisions about religion • Why do you think Charles V could not force the Protestant princes back into the Catholic Church, even after war? • Luther’s ideas too strong, people lost faith in the church

31. Questions • What in Luther’s teachings inspired the peasants to revolt • People are free to make their own decisions about religion • Why do you think Charles V could not force the Protestant princes back into the Catholic Church, even after war? • Luther’s ideas too strong, people lost faith in the church

32. To Do • Read the Edict of Worms • Answer the questions for tomorrow

33. Bell Work • Turn to page 492 in your book • How many years are represented on the time line? • How many rulers of England are shown on the time line? • How many years did Mary rule? What religion was she? • What does the timeline tell us about religion in England?

34. Henry VIII Breaks With the Church

35. Henry’s Background • Became king of England at age 18 • Henry was loyal to the church • Henry criticized Luther • “Limb of the Devil” • The Pope called Henry VIII • “Defender of the Faith”

36. Cause of the Reformation in England • PROBLEM!!! • Feared a civil war after his death • Henry needed an heir • Henry & Catherine of Aragon had one child: • Mary ~ no woman had ever successfully claimed the throne • Henry and Catherine’s five other children had all died at birth

37. Henry’s Solution?A new wife! • Henry thought his wife was the problem (Genes??) • He wanted to marry another woman: Anne Boleyn • The problem? • The Pope was under the influence of Charles V • Catherine’s cousin • He would not grant the divorce

38. Henry’s Plan B?Separate From the Church! • Henry asked Parliament to strip the Pope of his power over England • The Act of Supremacy • This act declared the king the head of the Church in England • Parliament then gave Henry his divorce • He married Anne Boleyn

39. Plan C? • Anne Boleyn • Gave birth to a daughter ~ Elizabeth • What was Henry to do? • Charge her w/treason • Have her beheaded • Jane Seymour • Gave him a son~ Edward • She died and he married 3 more times • No more children

40. Catherine of Aragon (Divorced) Anne Boleyn (Beheaded) Jane Seymour (Died) Anne of Cleves (Divorced) Catherine Howard (Beheaded) Catherine Parr(Survived)

41. I’m Henry VIII

43. Effects of the Reformation in England • Religious Turmoil • Edward ~ guided by devout Protestants • Introduced protestant reforms to England • Mary ~ Catholic • Returned the English Church to the rule of the pope • Violence – “Bloody Mary” • Not everyone wanted to return to the Catholic Church • She had many Protestants killed

44. Elizabeth • Establishes the Church of England ~Anglican Church • No Pope – Elizabeth • Only legal church in England • For Protestants • Priests allowed to marry • Sermons in English • For Catholics • Kept things like rich robes • Revised the services

45. Questions • What was Henry’s main problem? • Needs an heir (son) • What was the next problem Henry faced? • Needs a divorce • How did he solve both problems? • Created his own church, Act of Supremacy

46. To Do • Review sheet – Test Friday • Read Section 4 • Finish wks for tomorrow • You will NEED your BOOKS TOMORROW!!! • 2 more sections of notes left

47. New Religions& The Spread of the Reformation

48. Bell Work • Turn to page 496 in your book • Read “Calvin leads the Reformation in Switzerland” • How would your life be different in you lived in a theocracy like Geneva?

49. To Do • Take out a piece of paper & fold it into 4 boxes • either hot dog or hamburger, doesn’t matter. • Give each section a heading: • Catholicism - Lutheranism - Calvinism - Anglicanism • Find this information • Leadership: • Religious leader is who? • How does one gain salvation • Role of the Bible • Bible is the source of what? • Worship services: • Services were based on/focused on? • Interpretation of Beliefs within the religion • Who interpreted the Bible • Draw a picture for each piece of information, to help you remember. • Hint: your book will help you

50. Objective Understand why new religions were created, differentiate between, and appreciate the significance of new ideologies.