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Liberating

Liberating. Dialectology. J.K. Chambers, University of Toronto. Dialectometry Festival for Martijn Wieling 29 June 2012 Rijksuniversiteit Groningen . Liberating. Dialectology. J.K. Chambers, University of Toronto.

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Liberating

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  1. Liberating Dialectology J.K. Chambers, University of Toronto Dialectometry Festival for MartijnWieling 29 June 2012 Rijksuniversiteit Groningen

  2. Liberating Dialectology J.K. Chambers, University of Toronto Dialectometry Festival for MartijnWieling 29 June 2012 Rijksuniversiteit Groningen

  3. Liberating Louis Gauchat(1866-1942) Dialectology J.K. Chambers, University of Toronto Dialectometry Festival for MartijnWieling 29 June 2012 Rijksuniversiteit Groningen

  4. Liberating Louis Gauchat(1866-1942) Dialectology J.K. Chambers, University of Toronto Dialectometry Festival for MartijnWieling 29 June 2012 Rijksuniversiteit Groningen TakesiSibata(1918-2007)

  5. Liberating Louis Gauchat(1866-1942) Dialectology J.K. Chambers, University of Toronto Dialectometry Festival for MartijnWieling 29 June 2012 Rijksuniversiteit Groningen TakesiSibata(1918-2007) Jan Czekanowski (1882-1965)

  6. MartijnWieling’s theme in his thesis— “Increasing the dialectology in dialectometry”

  7. MartijnWieling’s theme in his thesis— “Increasing the dialectology in dialectometry” Dialectology is quantitative variationist and social

  8. MartijnWieling’s theme in his thesis— “Increasing the dialectology in dialectometry” Dialectology is quantitative variationist and social Dialectometry applies sophisticated statistical methods to huge corpora

  9. MartijnWieling’s theme in his thesis— “Increasing the dialectology in dialectometry” Dialectology is quantitative variationist and social Dialectometry applies sophisticated statistical methods to huge corpora relatively undeveloped at evaluating variable strength and social significance

  10. MartijnWieling’s theme in his thesis— “Increasing the dialectology in dialectometry” Dialectology is quantitative variationist and social Dialectometry applies sophisticated statistical methods to huge corpora relatively undeveloped at evaluating variable strength and social significance Martijn’s theme— we need a better balance

  11. Recognizing that dialectology can be dialectometry we take it for granted that Dialectology is quantitative variationist and social

  12. Recognizing that dialectology can be dialectometry we take it for granted that for more than a century Dialectology is quantitative variationist and social qualitative invariant regional

  13. Recognizing that dialectology can be dialectometry we take it for granted that for more than a century Dialectology is quantitative variationist and social qualitative invariant regional A few visionaries saw through the structuralist rigidity • their achievements usually had little or no immediate impact • looking back reveals something about the core values of our discipline

  14. Jan Czekanowski (1882-1965), Polish anthropologist cosmopolitan: studied in Warsaw, Zurich (D.Sc.1906); worked in Museum of Ethology, Berlin, curator in Ethnology Museum, St. Petersburg; professor of anthropology University of L’vov 1913-41(Poland till 1939, then Ukraine), and Poznan 1946 (at 64).

  15. Jan Czekanowski (1882-1965), Polish anthropologist cosmopolitan: studied in Warsaw, Zurich (D.Sc.1906); worked in Museum of Ethology, Berlin, curator in Ethnology Museum, St. Petersburg; professor of anthropology University of L’vov 1913-41(Poland till 1939, then Ukraine), and Poznan 1946 (at 64). 1942 he convinced German “race scientists” that Karaim, a Polish-Lithuanian ethnic group, were Turkic although they practisedJudaisim and used Hebrew as liturgical language (according Great Soviet Encyclopedia www.allvoices.com)

  16. Jan Czekanowski (1882-1965), Polish anthropologist cosmopolitan: studied in Warsaw, Zurich (D.Sc.1906); worked in Museum of Ethology, Berlin, curator in Ethnology Museum, St. Petersburg; professor of anthropology University of L’vov 1913-41(Poland till 1939, then Ukraine), and Poznan 1946 (at 64). 1942 he convinced German “race scientists” that Karaim, a Polish-Lithuanian ethnic group, were Turkic although they practisedJudaisim and used Hebrew as liturgical language (according Great Soviet Encyclopedia www.allvoices.com) 1920s compared cultural relatedness by counting shared cultural features 1927 compared Polish dialects based on shared morphology features 1928 compared Indo-European dialects using same methods 1929 compared Slavic dialects by this method

  17. Czekanowski’s method • compile list of linguistic features • calculate correlation coefficients for each pair of dialects using formula known as Q6— number of features present in both number of features absent in both the number present in the first but absent in the second the number absent in the first but present in the second

  18. Czekanowski’s method • compile list of linguistic features • calculate correlation coefficients for each pair of dialects using formula known as Q6— number of features present in both number of features absent in both the number present in the first but absent in the second the number absent in the first but present in the second pairwise comparisons— multivariate statistics in future Czekanowski, Jan (1931) RóznicowaniesieDialectówPrastowinskichwSwietleKryterjumIlociowego [Differentiation of Ancient Slavic Dialects….] Prague: First Congress… 1928

  19. Czekanowski’s ‘map’ • dialects are arranged in sequence of their values • each one correlates perfectly with itself Czekanowski, Jan (1931) RóznicowaniesieDialectówPrastowinskichwSwietleKryterjumIlociowego [Differentiation of Ancient Slavic Dialects….] Prague: First Congress… 1928

  20. Czekanowski’s ‘map’ • dialects are arranged in sequence of their values • each one correlates perfectly with itself • coefficients are subdivided and each range represented by a symbol • Czech and Slovak correlate < .80 Czekanowski, Jan (1931) RóznicowaniesieDialectówPrastowinskichwSwietleKryterjumIlociowego [Differentiation of Ancient Slavic Dialects….] Prague: First Congress… 1928

  21. Czekanowski’s ‘map’ • dialects are arranged in sequence of their values • each one correlates perfectly with itself • coefficients are subdivided and each range represented by a symbol • Czech and Slovak correlate < .80 • Górnoluzhitsky correlates w Czech < .80 and with Slovak .80 - .60 Czekanowski, Jan (1931) RóznicowaniesieDialectówPrastowinskichwSwietleKryterjumIlociowego [Differentiation of Ancient Slavic Dialects….] Prague: First Congress… 1928

  22. Czekanowski’s ‘map’ • ‘map’ only in most abstract sense • no attempt at geographic representation of correlates • but effective as cartogram Kroeber and Chrétien (1937: 84): “If the symbol values are chosen judiciously, the diagram becomes an exceedingly effective and rapidly grasped representation of the stronger relationships, wherein the salient features of the classification force themselves upon the eye and the mind through the automatic clustering of symbols.” Kroeber, A.L., and C.D. Chrétien (1937) “Quantitative classification of Indo-European languages.” Language 13: 83-103.

  23. Applying Czekanowski’s method—30 years too soon traditionalists Alva Davis & Raven McDavid: “[in transition areas] …one is at a loss to give convincing reasons for the restriction of some items and the spreading of others” Davis, Alva, and Raven I. McDavid. 1950. “Northwestern Ohio: a transition area.” Language 26: 186-89

  24. Applying Czekanowski’s method—30 years too soon traditionalists innovators Alva Davis & Raven McDavid: “[in transition areas] …one is at a loss to give convincing reasons for the restriction of some items and the spreading of others” David Reed & John Spicer: “the speech patterns of transition areas grow much clearer when viewed as quantitative rather than qualitative phenomena.” Davis, Alva, and Raven I. McDavid. 1950. “Northwestern Ohio: a transition area.” Language 26: 186-89 Reed, David W., and John L. Spicer. 1952 “Correlation methods of comparing dialects in a transition area.” Language 28: 348-59.

  25. Case study— “Northwestern Ohio: a transition area” Alva Davis and Raven McDavid fieldworkers for the Linguistic Atlas of the US and Canada Davis, Alva, and Raven I. McDavid. 1950. “Northwestern Ohio: a transition area.” Language 26: 186-89

  26. Case study— “Northwestern Ohio: a transition area” Alva Davis and Raven McDavid fieldworkers for the Linguistic Atlas of the US and Canada first survey regions (ca. 1930-43) on Atlantic seaboard Davis, Alva, and Raven I. McDavid. 1950. “Northwestern Ohio: a transition area.” Language 26: 186-89

  27. Case study— “Northwestern Ohio: a transition area” Alva Davis and Raven McDavid fieldworkers for the Linguistic Atlas of the US and Canada first survey regions (ca. 1930-43) on Atlantic seaboard as it moved into more recently settled inland states, dialect patterns became less coherent Davis, Alva, and Raven I. McDavid. 1950. “Northwestern Ohio: a transition area.” Language 26: 186-89

  28. Case study— “Northwestern Ohio: a transition area” Davis and McDavid fascinated by small area in Ohio because “competing forms exist in it side by side.” Davis, Alva, and Raven I. McDavid. 1950. “Northwestern Ohio: a transition area.” Language 26: 186-89

  29. “Competing forms… side by side” 5 towns, 2 subjects in each • one NORM(P1, D1, O1, V1, US1) • one man more educated, socially active— all aged 73-94 Davis, Alva, and Raven I. McDavid. 1950. “Northwestern Ohio: a transition area.” Language 26: 186-89

  30. “Competing forms… side by side” 5 towns, 2 subjects in each • one NORM(P1, D1, O1, V1, US1) • one man more educated, socially active— all aged 73-94 lexical pronunciation competing forms usually Northern (N) vs. Midland (M) variants morphological Davis, Alva, and Raven I. McDavid. 1950. “Northwestern Ohio: a transition area.” Language 26: 186-89

  31. “Competing forms… side by side” finding a pattern is difficult even for subset of variants— all neighbours disagree sometimes Davis, Alva, and Raven I. McDavid. 1950. “Northwestern Ohio: a transition area.” Language 26: 186-89

  32. “Competing forms… side by side” finding a pattern is difficult even for subset of variants— all neighbours disagree sometimes D & McD: “…one is at a loss to give convincing reasons for the restriction of some items and the spreading of others” “This sampling… [illustrates] the problems of dialect formation in this country, where speech mixture must have been the rule from the earliest colonial times.” Davis, Alva, and Raven I. McDavid. 1950. “Northwestern Ohio: a transition area.” Language 26: 186-89

  33. Taking up the challenge reply in Language two years later— David Reed and John Spicer: “the speech patterns of transition areas grow much clearer when viewed as quantitative rather than qualitative phenomena.” D & McD: “…one is at a loss to give convincing reasons for the restriction of some items and the spreading of others” Reed and Spicer were fieldworkers for LAUSC in California, even more recently settled than Ohio Reed, David W., and John L. Spicer 1952 “Correlation methods of comparing dialects in a transition area.” Language 28: 348-59.

  34. Taking up the challenge reply in Language two years later— David Reed and John Spicer: “the speech patterns of transition areas grow much clearer when viewed as quantitative rather than qualitative phenomena.” D & McD: “…one is at a loss to give convincing reasons for the restriction of some items and the spreading of others” Reed and Spicer were fieldworkers for LAUSC in California, even more recently settled than Ohio for Reed and Spicer, heterogeneity seemed normal, as it does to us today viewing it as quantitative was decades ahead of its time— and their mapping technique probably did not help their cause Reed, David W., and John L. Spicer 1952 “Correlation methods of comparing dialects in a transition area.” Language 28: 348-59.

  35. Quantifying the Ohio data with Q6 R & S applied Czekanowski’s method • for each pair of speakers, determine presence or absence of each variant • derive correlation coefficients by the Q6 formula Reed, David W., and John L. Spicer 1952 “Correlation methods of comparing dialects in a transition area.” Language 28: 348-59.

  36. Quantifying the Ohio data with Q6 R & S applied Czekanowski’s method • for each pair of speakers, determine presence or absence of each variant • derive correlation coefficients by the Q6 formula • map the results using isogrades(after Wilhelm Milke 1935) Reed, David W., and John L. Spicer 1952 “Correlation methods of comparing dialects in a transition area.” Language 28: 348-59.

  37. Quantifying the Ohio data with Q6 • 5 sub-maps, one for each town as reference point (technically require 10) • each town correlates perfectly with itself (1.0) Reed, David W., and John L. Spicer 1952 “Correlation methods of comparing dialects in a transition area.” Language 28: 348-59.

  38. Quantifying the Ohio data with Q6 • 5 sub-maps, one for each town as reference point (technically require 10) • each town correlates perfectly with itself (1.0) • rough (imperfect) correlation— the closer the town, the higher the coefficient Reed, David W., and John L. Spicer 1952 “Correlation methods of comparing dialects in a transition area.” Language 28: 348-59.

  39. Quantifying the Ohio data with Q6 • 5 sub-maps, one for each town as reference point (technically require 10) • each town correlates perfectly with itself (1.0) • rough (imperfect) correlation— the closer the town, the higher the coefficient • more accurate— the two southern towns are most similar to one another, and the northern one is most different from the others Reed, David W., and John L. Spicer 1952 “Correlation methods of comparing dialects in a transition area.” Language 28: 348-59.

  40. Quantifying the Ohio data with Q6 • 5 sub-maps, one for each town as reference point (technically require 10) • each town correlates perfectly with itself (1.0) • rough (imperfect) correlation— the closer the town, the higher the coefficient • more accurate— the two southern towns are most similar to one another, and the northern one is most different from the others • mapping schema is very complicated and unrevealing • variable pattern must be inferred from 5-way relationships • inferences far too complex and subtle to be readily conceptualized Reed, David W., and John L. Spicer 1952 “Correlation methods of comparing dialects in a transition area.” Language 28: 348-59.

  41. Quantifying the Ohio data with Q6 • 5 sub-maps, one for each town as reference point (technically require 10) • each town correlates perfectly with itself (1.0) • rough (imperfect) correlation— the closer the town, the higher the coefficient definitely fails Kroeber’s test— the schema is not a “rapidly grasped representation of the stronger relationships” the “salient features” do not “force themselves upon the eye and the mind” • more accurate— the two southern towns are most similar to one another, and the northern one is most different from the others • mapping schema is very complicated and unrevealing • variable pattern must be inferred from 5-way relationships • inferences far too complex and subtle to be readily conceptualized Reed, David W., and John L. Spicer 1952 “Correlation methods of comparing dialects in a transition area.” Language 28: 348-59.

  42. Were Reed & Spicer ahead of their time? • their reanalysis had no impact on the field— American dialectology remained qualitative, etc. • Reed and Spicer apparently gave up dialect studies soon after— the California survey of LAUSC has never been completed

  43. Were Reed & Spicer ahead of their time? • their reanalysis had no impact on the field— American dialectology remained qualitative, etc. • Reed and Spicer apparently gave up dialect studies soon after— the California survey of LAUSC has never been completed • bivariate statistics, a breakthrough at the time, now looks primitive • retaining geographical mapping obscures rather than reveals

  44. Were Reed & Spicer ahead of their time? 50 years later, reanalysis with multivariate statistics (correspondence analysis) • their reanalysis had no impact on the field— American dialectology remained qualitative, etc. •Reed and Spicer apparently gave up dialect studies soon after— the California survey of LAUSC has never been completed • bivariate statistics, a breakthrough at the time, now looks primitive • retaining geographical mapping obscures rather than reveals Chambers, J.K. and Peter Trudgill 1998 Dialectology. Cambridge University Press. 144-48.

  45. Were Reed & Spicer ahead of their time? 50 years later, reanalysis with multivariate statistics (correspondence analysis) • their reanalysis had no impact on the field— American dialectology remained qualitative, etc. • Reed and Spicer apparently gave up dialect studies soon after— the California survey of LAUSC has never been completed essentially Northern •bivariate statistics, a breakthrough at the time, now looks primitive mixed • retaining geographical mapping obscures rather than reveals essentially Midland Chambers, J.K. and Peter Trudgill 1998 Dialectology. Cambridge University Press. 144-48.

  46. Geographical correlates? statistical program encoded NO geographic information. essentially Northern mixed veals essentially Midland Chambers, J.K. and Peter Trudgill 1998 Dialectology. Cambridge University Press. 144-48.

  47. Geographical correlates? statistical program encoded NO geographic information. essentially Northern mixed Why does geographic distance match statistical distance? Because people who live close together tend to speak more like one another than people who live further away no matter how you measure it veals essentially Midland Chambers, J.K. and Peter Trudgill 1998 Dialectology. Cambridge University Press. 144-48.

  48. MartijnWieling’s theme in his thesis— “Increasing the dialectology in dialectometry” succinct statement of the main thrust of dialect studies in the 21st century

  49. MartijnWieling’s theme in his thesis— “Increasing the dialectology in dialectometry” succinct statement of the main thrust of dialect studies in the 21st century Martijn’s thesis shows that we have come a long way in a fairly short time

  50. MartijnWieling’s theme in his thesis— “Increasing the dialectology in dialectometry” Martijn’s thesis shows that we have come a long way in a fairly short time His theme reminds us that we still have a long way to go

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