Anatomy Terminology

1. Anatomy Terminology

3. Body Regions • Axial Region (down midline of body) • Appendicular Region (limbs)

4. REGIONS OF THE BODY • 1. Axial Region (Goes down midline of the body) • a) Head • b) Neck • c) Trunk (has 3 parts) 1) Thorax (chest area). Above diaphragm. Contains heart and lungs. • Pectoral Region (chest) • Costal ( rib) margin 2) Abdomen (not called the stomach!). Contains the digestive organs Lumbar region (low back) • Gluteal region (buttocks) 3) Pelvis (area that would be covered by brief underwear) Contains urinary and reproductive organs Inguinal region (Groin)

5. REGIONS OF THE BODY • 2. Appendicular Region (limbs) a) Upper Limbs 1) Axilla (armpit) 2) Arm (Brachium): shoulder to elbow Antecubital fossa (inside of elbow, where blood is drawn) 3) Forearm (elbow to wrist). Don’t confuse with arm! 4) Wrist 5) Hand: 4 fingers with 3 phalanges each; thumb with 2 phalanges; Pollicis: Thumb Palmar surface: Palm

6. REGIONS OF THE BODY • 2. Appendicular Region (limbs) b) Lower Limbs 1) Thigh (hip to knee). Don’t confuse with leg! 2) Leg (knee to ankle). Calf (back of the leg) Popliteal region (behind knee) Genu: the knee itself 3) Ankle 4) Foot: 5 digits Hallux: big toe Plantar surface: sole of foot

7. Body Cavities Figure 1.8a

8. Body Cavities Figure 1.8b

9. Regional Terms (not on the quiz or test) Figure 1.4a

10. Regional Terms (not on the quiz or test) Figure 1.4b

11. Anatomical Position • The body standing erect, facing forward, feet together, toes pointed anteriorly, hands at one’s side, fingers pointing inferiorly, and palms facing forward. • Once the body is in this position (or imagined to be in this position,) the positional terms can be used correctly.

12. Anatomical Position Anatomical Position The person is standing up straight The palms face anteriorly The knees, elbow, and neck are straight (not bent) The toes point anteriorly, but the fingers point inferiorly Left and Right: yours or the patient’s? Figure 1.3

13. Positional Terms • These are terms used to describe the position of certain structures on the body. • Note: These are “relative terms.” This means that these words are usually used in relating the position of one body structure to another. You can’t say, “He is shorter”. You have to say, “He is shorter than John”. • Incorrect: the nose is medial • Correct: the nose is medial to the ears

14. Positional Terms • Anterior (Ventral) • Posterior (Dorsal) • Superior • Inferior • Medial • Lateral • Superficial • Deep • Proximal • Distal • Supine • Prone

15. Positional Terminology Anterior/Ventral: towards the front of the body (includes palms and soles) Posterior/Dorsal: towards the back of the body Superior: towards the head Inferior: towards the feet Medial (NOT MIDDLE): towards the midline of body Lateral: away from midline Varus: inward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint. Valgus: outward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint.

16. Positional Terminology Superficial: Toward the external environment Deep: Towards the inner body Proximal: towards the heart Distal: away from the heart Supine: Laying on one’s back Prone: Laying on one’s stomach

17. Positional Terms

18. Positional Terms (Skip)

19. Positional Terms

20. Body Planes Frontal (Coronal) Sagittal Transverse Para-Sagittal plane Sagittal plane

21. Body Planes and Sections Frontal (coronal) plane Lies vertically and divides body or organ into anterior and posterior parts Sagittal plane Divides right from left side of body or organ Midsagittal (median) plane Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline and divides body into EQUAL right and left sides Parasagittal plane Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline and divides body into UNEQUAL right and left sides Transverse plane Divides body or organ into superior-inferior parts

22. Body Planes and Sections Figure 1.5

23. Banana Sectioned into Planes Transverse plane Sagittal plane Frontal (coronal) plane

24. Movement Terms • Flexion: to decrease the angle of a joint • Extension: to increase the angle of a joint, returning it to anatomical position • Hyperextension: extension beyond anatomical position • In the foot, there are special terms used instead of flexion/extension: • Dorsiflexion: flexion of the ankle joint; to raise the toes up in the air. When you stand on your heels with your toes up in the air, you are dorsiflexing your ankle joints. • Plantarflexion: extension of the ankle joint; to point the toes downward. When you stand on your toes, you are plantarflexing your ankle joints.

25. Flexion and Extension Flexion: to decrease the angle of a joint Extension: to increase the angle of a joint, returning it to anatomical position Hyperextension: extension beyond anatomical position

26. Flexion and Extension Flexion: to decrease the angle of a joint Extension: to increase the angle of a joint, returning it to anatomical position Hyperextension: extension beyond anatomical position

27. Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension Hyperextension Extension

28. Movement Terminology Internal Rotation (or medial rotation): to rotate in the transverse plane toward the midline of the body External Rotation (or Lateral Rotation): to rotate in the transverse plane away from the midline of the body. These two terms are usually used to describe motions of the shoulder or hips.

29. Internal Rotation External Rotation

30. Movement Terms • Abduction: to move a body part away from the midline of the body in the frontal plane • Adduction: to move a body part toward the midline of the body in the frontal plane • Circumduction: to move a body part in a circle • Rotation: to pivot a body part around an axis, as in shaking the head “no”

31. Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction

32. Movement Terminology Inversion: to rotate in the frontal plane toward the midline of the body. Inversion puts the body part into the varus position. Eversion: to rotate in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body. Eversion puts the body part into the valgus position. You invert and evert your hands, but the bones of the ankle don’t move in a single plane. Rather, they move in three planes, so that motion is more properly called supination and pronation.

33. Movements of the Hand or Foot Only Supination and Pronation are movements in three planes. • Supination (tri-plane movement) • Inversion • Adduction • Dorsiflexion (or Flexion in hands) • Pronation (tri-plane movement) • Eversion • Abduction • Plantarflexion (or Extension in hands)

34. Pronation Supination

35. Pronation and Supination Pronation Supination

36. Gliding Motion

37. Common Confusion of POSITIONS vs. MOVEMENTS • Prone: a POSITION, not a movement; body is lying face down. • Pronation: a MOVEMENT; when the palm is turned downward (in Anatomical Position, the palm will face posterior). The foot can also be pronated; the sole turns laterally away from the body. Pronation of the foot is a tri-plane movement of plantarflexion, abduction, and eversion. • Supine: a POSITION, not a movement; body is laying on the back. • Supination: a MOVEMENT; when the palm is turned upward, like holding a bowl of soup (in Anatomical Position, the palm will face anterior). The foot can also be supinated; the sole turns medially towards the body. Supination of the foot is a tri-plane movement of dorsiflexion, adduction, and inversion.

38. Movement Terms • Protraction – to project a body part anteriorly in the transverse plane, such as the shoulders or jaw • Retraction – to pull a body part posteriorly

39. Movement Terms • Elevation – lifting a body part superiorly, such as shoulders or jaw. • Depression – lowering a body part inferiorly

40. Movement Terms • Opposition – movement of the thumb to touch the tips of other fingers

41. Regional Terminology Thorax Pectoral Region Costal = rib Abdomen Pelvis Inguinal (Groin) Lumbar region Gluteal region Axilla (armpit) Upper Extremity • Arm (Brachium) • Antecubital fossa • Forearm • Hand • Palmar surface of hand Lower Extremity • Thigh • Leg (Calf in back) • Popliteal region (behind knee) • Genu: the knee itself • Foot • Plantar surface of foot

42. Joint Abbreviations MPJ: Metacarpal (or metatarsal) phalangeal joint

43. Joint Abbreviations DIPJ PIPJ NOTE: The joint at the tip of the thumb is just called the IPJ IPJ • IPJ: Interphalangeal joint • DIPJ is the distal IPJ • PIPJ is the proximal IPJ

44. Anterior-Posterior X-ray (AP view) • X-ray beam passes from anterior to posterior.

45. Anterior-Posterior X-ray (AP view) • X-ray beam passes from anterior to posterior.

46. Lateral X-ray (Lat view) • X-ray beam passes from medial to lateral

47. Lateral X-ray (Lat view) • X-ray beam passes from medial to lateral

48. Oblique X-ray • Beam enters at 45° angle; good for identifying fractures.

49. Long Bones Spongy (cancellous) Bone Compact Bone

50. Long Bones Contain Spongy and Compact Bone.