Air Quality 101: Clean Air Act Overview/ Update

1. Air Quality 101: Clean Air ActOverview/Update

2. Origins of the Clean Air Act • Historic air pollution • Donora, Pennsylvania, 1948 • 1970 • 1977 – PSD, tribes included • 1990 • 2000 – 2006 updates

3. Titles of the Clean Air Act • Title I—PSD, NAAQS • Title II—Mobile Sources • Title III—HAPs • Title IV—Acid Deposition • Title V—Permits • Title VI—Stratospheric Ozone

4. CAA Amendments of 1990: Title I NAAQS • Attainment areas • Non-attainment areas • National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)

5. Criteria Pollutants • Particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) • Lead • NOx • SO2 • CO • VOCs (ozone precursors)

6. Prevention of Significant Deterioration • How the PSD rule was developed • Class I– Pristine • Class II– Moderate emissions growth • Class III– Maximum emissions growth

7. Non-Attainment New Source Review (NSR) NAAQS ( III ) Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) 0 Attainment ( II ) Existing/Baseline ( I ) (concentration) Airshed Designations (Classes) Under the PSD Program

8. PSD Redesignations1977–2009 • Northern Cheyenne • Fort Peck • Confederated Salish & Kootenai • Spokane Tribe • Forest County Potawatomi • Yavapai Apache (not finalized)

9. National Ambient Air Quality Standards • EPA required to review every 5 years • Recent changes • Ozone • PM • Lead

10. NAAQS for Ozone (1997) • 8-hour standard is 0.075 ppm • 4th highest annual average value • Average of 3 most recent years • e.g., (2004 + 2005 + 2006) / 3<0.075 ppm • If >0.075 ppm, nonattainment • 1-hour standard is 0.12 ppm

11. NAAQS for PM10 • PM10 @ 150 µ/m3 (24-hour average) 99th % averaged over 3 years • Will be vacated within 24 months

12. NAAQS for PM2.5 • PM2.5 @ 15 µ/m3 (annual average) • PM2.5 @ 35 µ/m3 (24-hour average) 98th % averaged over 3 years (can be multiple locations)

13. NAAQS for Lead Final rule signed Oct. 15, 2008 0.15 µ/m3 (rolling 90-day average) 1.5 µ/m3 (quarterly average)

14. CAA Amendments of 1990: Section 112 Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS) • 189 HAPS identified by Congress • Caprolactam removed in 1996 • Glycol Ethers and MEK removed in 2003 and 2005 • “Technology-Based Standards” • MACT/BACT • Program can be delegated to states and tribes that seek authority

15. National Visibility Goal Prevention of future, & remedying of existing, visibility impairment in mandatory Class I federal areas resulting from human-made air pollution

16. Regional Haze Rule • Promulgated July 1999 • Mandatory federal Class I areas • One “deciview” improvement each 10 years • Regional planning organizations • SIP planning to attain background by 2064

17. CAA Amendments of 1990: Title II Mobile Source Provisions • Reserved for EPA (few exceptions) • New vehicle standards • On-road • Off-road • Diesel • Locomotives • Gasoline formulations • Recently worked to include Administrations “10 in 20” GHG rules for mobile sources and fuels

18. Title 3: General Provisions • We generally call Section 112 “Title 3” • Contains • Tribal Authority (301) • Disadvantages business • Emergency powers • Citizen suits • Administrative provisions and judicial review • Air quality monitoring and modeling

19. CAA Amendments of 1990: Title IV Acid Deposition Program • Establishes cap and trade allowances for • Sulfur dioxide • Nitrogen oxides • Program is working better than expected

20. CAA Amendments of 1990: Title V Operating Permits • Major sources • HAP sources and criteria pollutants • Delegated to states and tribes • Significant fees/revenues

21. CAA Amendments of 1990: Title VI Stratospheric Ozone Protection • CFC production ban of 1996 • Bans on other substances to follow (e.g., CCl4 now banned)

22. CAA Amendments of 1990: Summary Six titles address major pollutants • Act still being tweaked, no major rewrites since 1990 • New actions likely to address climate change • Evolving role of non-federal regulators

23. State (and Tribal) Implementation Plans • CAA §110 requires each state to submit a plan • Addresses NAAQS (CAA §109 & 40CFR 50.4 through 50.12) • Contains: control measures and strategies • To “attain and maintain” • Developed through a public process • Formally adopted by the state (legislation) and submitted by the Governor’s designee • EPA reviews and approves if consistent with CAA

24. State (and Tribal) Implementation Plans (cont.) • CAA §110 specifies requirements applicable to all areas • Part D of Title 1 specifies additional requirements applicable to nonattainment areas • SIP elements include: • Emission inventories • Monitoring network • Air quality analysis • Modeling • Attainment demonstration • Enforcement mechanisms • Regulations adopted to maintain or attain NAAQS

25. State (and Tribal) Implementation Plans (cont.) • Contents of a typical SIP include • Adopted control measures • Rules/regulations or source specific requirements (orders and consent decrees) 2. Submitted comprehensive air quality plans • Attainment plans, maintenance plans, rate of progress plans, transportation control plans • That demonstrate how these plans will bring about or keep air quality in compliance with the NAAQS 3. Submitted “non-regulatory” programs • Emission inventories, compliance assistance programs, demonstrations of legal authority, monitoring networks 4. Additional requirements promulgated by EPA

26. State (and Tribal) Implementation Plans (cont.) • Relationship to NAAQS • Plans provide for implementation, maintenance and enforcement of the NAAQS • Areas designated non-attainment are subject to additional planning and control requirements • Federal Enforceability • Once approved, EPA is authorized to take enforcement action against violators

27. Summary • Reviewed 1990 CAA Amendments • Reviewed SIP/TIP requirements • How SIP/TIP fits into CAA and AQM

28. Any questions? Darrel Harmon Senior Indian Program Manager US EPA Headquarters 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Washington DC 20460 202-564-7416 Harmon.darrel@epa.gov