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Comprehensive Guide to Memory Types, Installation, and Troubleshooting

This guide covers the fundamental aspects of computer memory, detailing the various types of memory chips, memory packages, and installation procedures. It highlights the importance of RAM in system performance and provides insights into monitoring memory usage and troubleshooting common memory issues. Learn about volatile vs. non-volatile memory, dynamic vs. static memory, and how to properly install RAM while ensuring safe handling practices. This resource is essential for anyone looking to optimize their PC's memory system.

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Comprehensive Guide to Memory Types, Installation, and Troubleshooting

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  1. Memory systems Unit objectives: • Describe the function of memory and differentiate among various types of memory chips • Differentiate among the various memory packages • Install RAM into a system while handling it properly and meeting your PC’s installation requirements • Monitor memory usage • Troubleshoot memory problems

  2. Topic A • Topic A: Memory • Topic B: Memory packaging • Topic C: Memory installation • Topic D: Memory monitoring • Topic E: Memory troubleshooting

  3. Memory • RAM: random access memory • Working area for data during processing • Need sufficient RAM for • Performance • Software support • Quality of RAM is important

  4. Measuring memory • Cells • Store a single bit of data • 0 or 1 • Represents on/off or yes/no • Measurement units • Bit • Nibble = 4 bits • Byte = 8 bits • Word = based on CPU • 32-bit processor: 32-bit word • 64-bit processor: 64-bit word

  5. Larger memory units • Byte (B) = 8 bits • Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes = 210 bytes • Megabyte (MB) = 1024 KB = 220 bytes • Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 MB = 230 bytes • Terabyte (TB) = 1024 GB = 240 bytes

  6. Memory types • Classify memory as: • Volatile vs. non-volatile • Static vs. dynamic • Asynchronous vs. synchronous

  7. Volatile vs. non-volatile memory • Volatile: Loses contents without power • Non-volatile: Keeps contents without power

  8. Dynamic vs. static memory • Dynamic (DRAM) • Must be continually refreshed • Inexpensive • Physically small chips • Static (SRAM) • Refreshing not required • More expensive • Larger • Faster • Typical uses • Main system memory: DRAM • Cache memory and CMOS: SRAM

  9. Asynchronous vs. synchronous • Asynchronous • Not synchronized to system clock • Consistent time to access and read data • Synchronous • Synchronized to system clock • Accesses data and returns in one or more clock cycles • SDRAM faster than ADRAM

  10. Memory access types continued

  11. Memory access types, continued

  12. Access time • Latency • Memory speed • Nanoseconds vs. megahertz • Overall speed • Doesn’t include latency • Bandwidth

  13. Speed ratings

  14. Activity A-1 Identifying memory characteristics

  15. Topic B • Topic A: Memory • Topic B: Memory packaging • Topic C: Memory installation • Topic D: Memory monitoring • Topic E: Memory troubleshooting

  16. Packaging • Early PCs used individual DRAM chips continued

  17. Packaging, continued • Package • Small circuit board • More commonly called a module • Installed in slot • Module contains • Memory chips • Connecting wires • Support chips • Pins or edge contacts

  18. Single- and double-sided modules • Early DRAM had chips on just one side • Double memory by placing chips on both sides • Double-sided modules have two rows of pins at bottom • Pins on front aren’t connected to pins on back • Number of chips no longer has a 1:1 chip-to-bit limit

  19. Package types • SIMM 30-pin – ADRAM • SIMM 72-pin – ADRAM • DIMM 168-pin – SDR SDRAM • DIMM 184-pin – DDR SDRAM • DIMM 240-pin • DDR2 • DDR3 • RIMM • 184-pin – 16-bit • 232-pin – 32--bit continued

  20. Package types, continued • MicroDIMM 144-pin • SODIMM 144-pin – SDR SDRAM • SODIMM 200-pin • DDR • DDR2 • SODIMM 204-pin – DDR3 SDRAM

  21. Modules and chips • PC100 and PC133 use SDRAM • PC1600, PC2100, PC2700, and PC3200 use DDR SDRAM • PC2-3200, PC2-4200, PC2-5300, PC2-6400, and PC28500 use DDR2 SDRAM • PC3-6400, PC3-8500, PC3-10600, and PC3-12800 use DDR3 SDRAM

  22. Memory error recovery • Parity — Detects an error • Even • Odd • Mark • Space • ECC — Detects and corrects an error • Desktop memory — No parity or ECC • Server memory — Often includes parity or ECC

  23. Parity 8 chips, no parity 9 chips, supportsparity

  24. Activity B-1 Comparing RAM packaging

  25. Topic C • Topic A: Memory • Topic B: Memory packaging • Topic C: Memory installation • Topic D: Memory monitoring • Topic E: Memory troubleshooting

  26. Memory installation considerations • Banking requirements • Proper handling techniques • Slot insertion techniques • Safe storage • BIOS configuration

  27. Banking requirements • Install memory in groups called banks • Bank might include 1, 2, or 4 slots • Must fill every slot in a bank • Might have to use same type and speed of memory in every slot • Leave extra banks empty • With DRDRAM, install continuity modules • Dual-channel architecture

  28. Proper handling • Unplug computer before opening it • Dissipate static • Move around as little as possible • Always handle modules by their edges

  29. Inserting memory modules SIMM • Insert module at 45-degree angle • While pushing into slot, move module to fully vertical or horizontal position. Clips should engage automatically when module is fully seated DIMM • Spread retaining clips before insertion • Insert the module straight into the slot, perpendicular to the motherboard • Push firmly until the retaining clips snap into place on either side

  30. Removing a module SIMM • Gently release the retaining clips at both ends of the module • Move the module to a 45-degree angle if it doesn’t do so automatically • Remove the module DIMM • Release the retaining clips on both ends of the module • Remove the module by pulling it straight up from the slot

  31. CMOS configuration • BIOS checks memory at boot • Compares actual memory with CMOS entry • Follow prompt to update CMOS entry

  32. Activity C-1 Adding memory to a desktop computer

  33. Notebook memory • Location varies from notebook to notebook • Refer to documentation • Shut down notebook, unplug cord, and remove battery

  34. Shared video memory • Main system memory shared with video circuitry • No dedicated video memory • Reduces cost • Uses less power; generates less heat • Not all RAM is available to OS and applications (does not show as present) • Slower than dedicated video memory • Add more system memory to increase performance

  35. Activity C-2 Adding memory to a notebook computer

  36. Memory in handheld computers • Expandable memory, a feature of more expensive handhelds • Some use modules similar to those in notebooks • Most use memory cards similar to those in digital cameras • Have a slot for inserting a flash memory card • Consult the manual

  37. Activity C-3 Adding memory to a handheld computer

  38. Topic D • Topic A: Memory • Topic B: Memory packaging • Topic C: Memory installation • Topic D: Memory monitoring • Topic E: Memory troubleshooting

  39. Task Manager • Windows GUI utility • Provides information on processes running • Version available in all Windows OSs • Windows 9x/Me Program List • Windows NT/2000/XP/Vista/7 Task Manager • Access: • Ctrl + Alt + Delete • Right-click empty space in the taskbar and choose Task Manager • Ctrl + Shift + Esc

  40. Performance tab indicators • CPU Usage • CPU Usage History • Memory (7/Vista) • Physical Memory Usage History (7/Vista) • PF Usage (XP/2000) • Page File Usage History (XP/ 2000) continued

  41. Performance tab indicators, continued • System (7/Vista) • Totals (XP/2000) • Physical Memory • Commit Charge • Kernel Memory • Summary data

  42. The Performance tab

  43. Activity D-1 Monitoring memory usage

  44. Virtual memory

  45. Optimizing the page file • On boot partition by default • Determined by amount of RAM • Size automatically increases or decreases for best performance • Can manually override the settings • Page file size range: • RAM × 1.5 to 3.0 • System’s peak commit value • Can move file to different hard disk

  46. Changing page file size • In Windows 7/Vista, click Start, right-click Computer, and choose PropertiesIn Windows 2000 /XP, right-click My Computer and choose Properties • In Windows 7/Vista, click Advanced system settingsIn Windows 2000/XP, activate the Advanced tab 3. In the Performance section, click Settings, and then activate the Advanced tab 4 In the Virtual memory section, click Change 5 Clear Automatically manage paging file size for all drives 6 Select Custom Size, and set the initial and maximum size

  47. Activity D-2 Changing the size of the Windows page file

  48. Topic E • Topic A: Memory • Topic B: Memory packaging • Topic C: Memory installation • Topic D: Memory monitoring • Topic E: Memory troubleshooting

  49. Memory testing • POST not sufficient • Use testing utility • Memtest86 — Free, open source • Microsoft Windows Memory Diagnostic — Free, unsupported • Boot from floppy or CD

  50. Memory-related problems • 201 BIOS error code at boot time • Parity error message • Computer randomly freezes (locks up) or crashes • Wrong amount of memory reported by the BIOS • Windows reports Page Fault or Exception errors • Random crashes, corrupted data, strange application behavior

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