1 / 62

Lecture 3

Lecture 3 Advanced FACTS Devices and Applications: Performance, Power Quality and Cost Considerations. Paulo F. Ribeiro, BSEE, MBA, PHD, PE CALVIN COLLEGE Engineering Department Grand Rapids, MI 49546 http://engr.calvin.edu/PRibeiro_WEBPAGE/ PRIBEIRO@CALVIN.EDU. FACTS The Concept

molly-hoover
Télécharger la présentation

Lecture 3

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Lecture 3 Advanced FACTS Devices and Applications: Performance, Power Quality and Cost Considerations Paulo F. Ribeiro, BSEE, MBA, PHD, PE CALVIN COLLEGE Engineering Department Grand Rapids, MI 49546 http://engr.calvin.edu/PRibeiro_WEBPAGE/ PRIBEIRO@CALVIN.EDU

  2. FACTS • The Concept • History / Background - Origin of FACTS, Opportunities, Trends • System Architectures and Limitations • Power Flow Control on AC Systems • Application Studies and Implementation • Basic Switching Devices • Conditioners: SVC, STATCOM, TCSC, UPFC, SMES • Specification, Cost Considerations and Technology Trends • Impact of FACTS in interconnected networks • Market Assessment, Deregulation and Predictions

  3. The Concept

  4. The Concept and Challenges • A transmission system can carry power up to its thermal loading limits. But in practice the system has the following constraints: • -Transmission stability limits • -Voltage limits • -Loop flows • Transmission stability limits: limits of transmittable power with which a transmission system can ride through major faults in the system with its power transmission capability intact. • Voltage limits: limits of power transmission where the system voltage can be kept within permitted deviations from nominal. • Loop flows can be a problem as they are governed by the laws of nature which may not be coincident with the contracted path. This means that power which is to be sent from point ”A” to point ”B” in a grid will not necessarily take the shortest, direct route, but will go uncontrolled and fan out to take unwanted paths available in the grid.

  5. The Concept • FACTS devices • FACTS are designed to remove such constraints and to meet planners´, investors´ and operators´ goals without their having to undertake major system additions. This offers ways of attaining an increase of power transmission capacity at optimum conditions, i.e. at maximum availability, minimum transmission losses, and minimum environmental impact. Plus, of course, at minimum investment cost and time expenditure. • The term ”FACTS” covers several power electronics based systems used for AC power transmission. Given the nature of power electronics equipment, FACTS solutions will be particularly justifiable in applications requiring one or more of the following qualities: • -Rapid dynamic response • -Ability for frequent variations in output • -Smoothly adjustable output. • Important applications in power transmission involving FACTS and Power Quality devices:SVC (Static Var Compensators), Fixed * as well as Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSC) and Statcom. Still others are PST (Phase-shifting Transformers), IPC (Interphase Power Controllers), UPFC (Universal Power Flow Controllers), and DVR (Dynamic Voltage Restorers).

  6. History, Concepts, Background, and Issues • Origin of FACTS • -Oil Embargo of 1974 and 1979 • -Environmental Movement • -Magnetic Field Concerns • -Permit to build new transmission lines • -HVDC and SVCs • -EPRI FACTS Initiative (1988) • -Increase AC Power Transfer (GE and DOE Papers) • -The Need for Power semiconductors • Why we need transmission interconnection • -Pool power plants and load centers to minimize generation cost • -Important in a deregulated environment • Opportunities for FACTS • Increase power transfer capacity • SVC (Nebraska GE 1974, Minnesota Westinghouse 1975, Brazil Siemens 1985) • TCSC, UPFC AEP 1999 • Trends • -Generation is not being built • -Power sales/purchases are being

  7. System Architectures and Limitations System Architecture Radial, interconnected areas, complex network Power Flow in an AC System Power Flow in Parallel and Meshed Paths Transmission Limitations Steady-State (angular stability, thermal limits, voltage limits) Stability Issues (transient, dynamic, voltage and SSR) System Issues (Post contingency conditions, loop flows, short-circuit levels) Power Flow and Dynamic Stability Considerations Controllable Parameters Basic FACTS Devices - Impact of Energy Storage

  8. Radial Parallel Meshed Power Flow Control on AC Systems Power Flow in Parallel Paths Power Flow in a Meshed Systems What limits the loading capability? Power Flow and Dynamic Considerations

  9. 50% Series Compensation Power Flow Control on AC Systems Relative Importance of Controllable Parameters Control of X can provide current control When angle is large X can provide power control Injecting voltage in series and perpendicular to the current flow, can increase or decrease

  10. FACTS Applications and Implementations Transmission Transfer Capacity Enhancement Steady State Issues Voltage Limits Thermal Limits Angular Stability Limits Loop Flows Dynamic Issues Transient Stability Damping Power Swings Post-Contingency Voltage Control Voltage Stability Subsynchronous Res. Traditional Solutions Breaking Resistors Load Shedding Advanced Solutions FACTS Energy Storage Fixed Compensation Transmission Link Enhanced Power Transfer and Stability Line Reconfiguration Better Protection SVC STATCOM TCSC, SSSC UPFC FACTS Devices Increased Inertia

  11. FACTS Devices • Shunt Connected • Static VAR Compensator (SVC) • Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) • Static Synchronous Generator - SSG • Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) • Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) • Combined Series and Series-Shunt Connected • Static Synchronous Series Controllers (SSSC) • Thyristor Controlled Phase-Shifting Transformer or • Phase Angle Regulator (PAR) • Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) • Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) • Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) • Relative Importance of Different Types of Controllers • Shunt, Shunt-Series Energy Storage Energy Storage

  12. Power Electronics - Semiconductor Devices • Diodes • Transistors • IGBT • Thyristors • SCR, GTO, MTO, ETO, GCT, IGCT, MCT Devices Diode (pn Junction) Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) Gate Turn-Off Thyristor (GTO) GE MOS Turn-Off Thyristor (MTO) SPCO Emitter Turn-Off Thyristor (ETO) Virginia Tech Integrated Gate-Commutated Thyristor (IGCT) Mitsubishi, ABB MOS-Controlled Thyristor (MCT) Victor Temple Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)

  13. Power Electronics - Semiconductor Devices • Principal Characteristics • Voltage and Current • Losses and Speed of Switching • Speed of Switching • Switching Losses • Gate-driver power and energy requirements • Parameter Trade-off • Power requirements for the gate • di/dt and dv/dt capability • turn-on and turn-off time • Uniformity • Quality of silicon wafers IGBT has pushed out the conventional GTO as IGBTs ratings go up. IGBTs - Low-switching losses, fast switching, current-limiting capability GTOs - large gate-drive requirements, slow-switching, high-switching losses IGBTs (higher forward voltage drop)

  14. Power Electronics - Semiconductor Devices Decision-Making Matrix

  15. AC Transmission Fundamentals (Series Compensation) E2 / 2 P&Q E1 / 1 I X Changes in X will increase or decrease real power flow for a fixed angle or change angle for a fixed power flow. Alternatively, the reactive power flow will change with the change of X. Adjustments on the bus voltage have little impact on the real power flow. Vc Vx I P1 = E1 . E2 . sin () / (X - Xc) Vr Vs Vseff = Vs + Vc Real Power Angle Curve Xeff = X - Xc Vx Vc Power Transfer Vr Vxo Vs Vseff I Phase Angle

  16. Injected Voltage E1 E1 - E2 I E2 AC Transmission Fundamentals (Voltage-Series and Shunt Comp.) E2 / 2 P&Q E1 / 1 I X P Integrated voltage series injection and bus voltage regulation (unified) will directly increase or decrease real and reactive power flow.

  17. with VAR compensation (ideal midpoint) Q / V Maximum Power Transfer Amargin A2 no compensation A1 1 2 3 crit Phase Angle AC Transmission Fundamentals (Stability Margin) Improvement of Transient Stability With FACTS Compensation Equal Area Criteria 1 - prior to fault A1 = Acceleration Energy A2 = Deceleration Energy 2 - fault cleared 3 - equal area Therefore, FACTS compensation can increase power transfer without reducing the stability margin 3 >crit - loss of synchronism

  18. Voltage Source Vs. Current Source Converters

  19. Voltage Source Converters

  20. Voltage Source Converters Basic 6-Pulse, 2-level, Voltage-Source Converter

  21. Voltage Source Converters 2, 3, 5-level, VSC Waveforms

  22. Voltage Source Converters Output voltage control of a two-level VSC

  23. FACTS Technology - Possible Benefits • Control of power flow as ordered. Increase the loading capability of lines to their thermal capabilities, including short term and seasonal. • Increase the system security through raising the transient stability limit, limiting short-circuit currents and overloads, managing cascading blackouts and damping electromechanical oscillations of power systems and machines. • Provide secure tie lines connections to neighboring utilities and regions thereby decreasing overall generation reserve requirements on both sides. • Provide greater flexibility in siting new generation. • Reduce reactive power flows, thus allowing the lines to carry more active power. • Reduce loop flows. • Increase utilization of lowest cost generation.

  24. FACTS and HVDC: Complimentary Solutions HVDC Independent frequency and control Lower line costs Power control, voltage control, stability control FACTS Power control, voltage control, stability control Installed Costs (millions of dollars) Throughput MW HVDC 2 Terminals FACTS 2000 MW $ 40-50 M $ 5-10 M 500 MW $ 75-100M $ 10-20M 1000 MW $120-170M $ 20-30M 2000 MW $200-300M $ 30-50M (*)Hingorani/Gyugyi

  25. FACTS and HVDC: Complimentary Solutions HVDC Projects: Applications Submarine cable Long distance overhead transmission Underground Transmission Connecting AC systems of different or incompatible frequencies • Large market potential for FACTS is within the ac system on a value-added basis, where: • The existing steady-state phase angle between bus nodes is reasonable • The cost of a FACTS device solution is lower than HVDC or other alternatives • The required FACTS controller capacity is less than 100% of the transmission throughput rating

  26. FACTS Attributes for Different Controllers

  27. FACTS Implementation - STATCOM E2 / 2 E1 / 1 P&Q I X Regulating Bus Voltage Can Affect Power Flow Indirectly / Dynamically P1 = E1 (E2 . sin ())/X

  28. FACTS Implementation - TCSC E2 / 2 E1 / 1 P&Q X Line Impedance Compensation Can Control Power Flow Continuously P1 = E1 (E2 . sin ()) / Xeff Xeff = X- Xc The alternative solutions need to be distributed; often series compensation has to be installed in several places along a line but many of the other alternatives would put both voltage support and power flow control in the same location. This may not be useful. For instance, if voltage support were needed at the midpoint of a line, an IPFC would not be very useful at that spot. TCSC for damping oscillations ...

  29. FACTS Implementation - SSSC E2 / 2 P&Q E1 / 1 I X P1 = E1 (E2 . sin ()) / Xeff Xeff = X - Vinj/I

  30. FACTS Implementation - UPFC E2 / 2 P&Q E1 / 1 I X Regulating Bus Voltage and Injecting Voltage In Series With the Line Can Control Power Flow P1 = E1 (E2 . sin ()) / Xeff Xeff = X - Vinj / I Q1 = E1(E2 - E2 . cos ()) / X

  31. Series Transformer Shunt Inverter Series Inverter Shunt Transformer Unified Power Flow Controller FACTS Implementation - UPFC

  32. FACTS Implementation - STATCOM + Energy Storage E2 / 2 E1 / 1 P&Q I X Regulating Bus Voltage Plus Energy Storage Can Affect Power Flow Directly / Dynamically Plus Energy Storage

  33. FACTS Implementation - SSSC + Energy Storage E2 / 2 P&Q E1 / 1 I X Voltage Injection in Series Plus Energy Storage Can Affect Power Flow Directly / Dynamically and sustain operation under fault conditions Plus Energy Storage

  34. FACTS Implementation - UPFC + Energy Storage E2 / 2 P&Q E1 / 1 I X Regulating Bus Voltage + Injected Voltage + Energy Storage Can Control Power Flow Continuously, and Support Operation Under Severe Fault Conditions (enhanced performance) Plus Energy Storage

  35. Series Inverter 1000μF Shunt Inverter 1000μF 1000μF 1000μF SMES Chopper and Coil Unified Power Flow Controller - SMES Interface FACTS Implementation - UPFC + Energy Storage

  36. MOV UPFC Grounding SMES Chopper and Coil - Overvoltage Protection FACTS Implementation - UPFC + Energy Storage

  37. FACTS Implementation - TCSC + STACOM + Energy Storage $ Regulating Bus Voltage + Energy Storage + Line Impedance Compensation Can Control Power Flow Continuously, and Support Operation Under Severe Fault Conditions (enhanced performance)

  38. FACTS Implementation - IPFC E3 / 3 E1 / 1 E2 / 2 P12 = E1 (E2 . sin (1- 2)) / X P13 = E1 (E2 . sin (1- 3)) / X

  39. Series Transformer, Line 1 Series Transformer, Line 2 Series Inverter #1 Series Inverter #2 Interline Power Flow Controller FACTS Implementation - IPFC

  40. Acceleration Area Deceleration Area Compensation Devices FACTS Devices Energy Storage Stability Margin Fast Real Power Injection and Absorption SMES P TSSC SSSC UPFC P TSSC SSSC UPFC P Additional Stability Margin Electric Grid Electric Grid Q Q Fast Reactive Power Injection and Absorption Fast Reactive Power Injection and Absorption STATCOM STATCOM Enhanced Power Transfer and Stability: Technologies’ Perspective Increased Power Transfer

  41. Q FACTS + Energy Storage The Role of Energy Storage: real power compensation can increase operating control and reduce capital costs STATCOM Reactive Power Only Operates in the vertical axis only P MVA Reduction P - Active Power Q - Reactive Power The Combination or Real and Reactive Power will typically reduce the Rating of the Power Electronics front end interface. Real Power takes care of power oscillation, whereas reactive power controls voltage. STATCOM + SMES Real and Reactive Power Operates anywhere within the PQ Plane / Circle (4-Quadrant)

  42. Closer to generation Additional Power Transfer(MW) Closer to load centers SMES Power (MW) FACTS + Energy Storage - Location Sensitivity

  43. No Compensation 60.8 System Frequency (Hz) 59.2 time (sec) 1 STATCOM + SMES 2 STATCOMs 60.8 60.8 System Frequency (Hz) System Frequency (Hz) 59.2 59.2 time (sec) time (sec) Enhanced Voltage and Stability Control Voltage and Stability Control ( 80 MVA Inverter + 100Mjs SMES) (2 x 80 MVA Inverters) Enhanced Power Transfer and Stability: Location and Configuration Type Sensitivity

  44. FACTS For Optimizing Grid Investments • FACTS Devices Can Delay Transmission Lines Construction • By considering series compensation from the very beginning, power transmission between regions can be planned with a minimum of transmission circuits, thus minimizing costs as well as environmental impact from the start. • The Way to Proceed • · Planners, investors and financiers should issue functional specifications for the transmission system to qualified contractors, as opposed to the practice of issuing technical specifications, which are often inflexible, and many times include older technologies and techniques) while inviting bids for a transmission system. • · Functional specifications could lay down the power capacity, distance, availability and reliability • requirements; and last but not least, the environmental conditions. • · Manufacturers should be allowed to bid either a FACTS solution or a solution involving the building of (a) new line(s) and/or generation; and the best option chosen.

  45. Specifications (Functional rather than Technical ) Transformer Connections Higher-Pulse Operation Higher-Level Operation PWM Converter Pay Attention to Interface Issues and Controls Converter Increase Pulse Number Higher Level Double the Number of Phase-Legs and Connect them in Parallel Connect Converter Groups in Parallel Use A Combination of several options listed to achieve required rating and performance

  46. Cost Considerations

  47. Cost Considerations Cost structure The cost of a FACTS installation depends on many factors, such as power rating, type of device, system voltage, system requirements, environmental conditions, regulatory requirements etc. On top of this, the variety of options available for optimum design renders it impossible to give a cost figure for a FACTS installation. It is strongly recommended that contact is taken with a manufacturer in order to get a first idea of costs and alternatives. The manufacturers should be able to give a budgetary price based on a brief description of the transmission system along with the problem(s) needing to be solved and the improvement(s) needing to be attained. (*) Joint World Bank / ABB Power Systems Paper Improving the efficiency and quality of AC transmission systems

  48. $ I $$$ $ I additional cost savings possible Technology & Cost Trends

  49. Concerns About FACTS Cost Losses Reliability

  50. 100% Power Electronics 100% Conventional Delta-P4 Delta-P2 Delta-P3 Delta-P1 Cost of System Economics of Power ElectronicsSometimes a mix of conventional and FACTS systems has the lowest costLosses will increase with higher loading and FACTS equipment more lossy than conventional onesReliability and security issues - when system loaded beyond the limits of experienceDemonstration projects required Stig Nilson’s paper

More Related