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Weed Control Without Methyl Bromide

Weed Control Without Methyl Bromide. Drs. Stanley Culpepper and Ted Webster University of Georgia and USDA-ARS Tifton, Georgia. Methyl Bromide Phasing out of the marketplace 1999 = 25% reduction 2001 = 25% reduction 2003 = 20% reduction 2005 = gone

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Weed Control Without Methyl Bromide

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  1. Weed Control Without Methyl Bromide Drs. Stanley Culpepper and Ted Webster University of Georgia and USDA-ARS Tifton, Georgia

  2. Methyl Bromide • Phasing out of the marketplace 1999 = 25% reduction 2001 = 25% reduction 2003 = 20% reduction 2005 = gone (reduce methyl bromide ai over time)

  3. 66%

  4. U.S. Countries Using Methyl Bromide Italy Japan Spain France Mexico Brazil 37% Turkey Belgium Morocco Greece South Africa China Costa Rica

  5. Replacing Methyl Bromide • A multi-tactic approach is needed and should include the following: • application of weed biology • cultural practices • fumigants • herbicides

  6. Yellow Nutsedge: - Yellow florets - All tubers attached to mother tuber - Suppressed by bentazon and metolachlor - Leaves: long drawn-out tip Purple Nutsedge: - Dark red/purple florets - Forms chains of tubers - Not suppressed with bentazon or metolachlor - Leaves: short, abrupt tip

  7. Chain of Purple Nutsedge Tubers

  8. Purple Nutsedge Yellow Nutsedge Objective: Evaluate the Spatial Dynamics of Yellow and Purple Nutsedge Expansion After 3 Months (From a Single Planted Tuber)

  9. Alternatives to Methyl Bromide for Weed Management? • Soil Solarization/Organic Amendments • Requires a hot and cloudless climate • Studies have shown that: • solarization can reduce pests prior to planting • crop yields can be increased • effects can be extended through several seasons • Research has focused on pathogens and nematodes - only a handful of studies on weeds

  10. How hot does the soil temperature get underneath plastic? Is it hot enough to kill nutsedge?

  11. Preliminary ConclusionsLethal Temperature/Duration of Exposure: • Yellow Nutsedge: • 113 F for 8 hours = > 90% Tuber Viability • 122+ F for 15 minutes = < 50% Tuber Viability • Purple Nutsedge: • 122 F for 8 hours = > 70% Tuber Viability • 131 F for 4 hours = < 20% Tuber Viability • 140 F for 1 hour = < 5% Tuber Viability • How hot can we get our soils? • How long can they stay this hot?

  12. Alternatives to Methyl Bromide for Weed Management? • Fumigants: • Chloropicrin • Metam Sodium • Methyl Iodide • Telone, Telone II • Telone C17/C35

  13. Methyl Bromide • chickweed • crabgrass • goosegrass • crowfootgrass • pigweed • morningglory? • purslane • nutgrass

  14. Telone II, Telone C-17/35, Chloropicrin • No mention of specific weeds controlled

  15. Non-treated Telone Broadcast Telone In Bed 25 GPA 35 GPA Photos taken from Florida Field Day. Bill Stall, 2000.

  16. Metam Sodium • chickweed • dandelion • ragweed • lambsquarters • pigweed • nightshades • purslane • nutsedge, morningglory - suppression

  17. Metam Sodium • Nutsedge – 1) May be suppressed if actively growing and a high use rate is applied (75 gal/A). 2) More often roots and shoots will be controlled, but the tuber will remain viable and re-grow at a later time.

  18. METHYL BROMIDE: 400 LBS (98%) NONTREATED CONTROL

  19. Purple Nutsedge Through Plastic in Squash: Shoots/Plot • Methyl Bromide (392 Lbs/A - Fumigated): • 1998: 99% lower than UTC (*) • 1999: 99% lower than UTC (*)

  20. Purple Nutsedge Through Plastic in Squash: Shoots/Plot • Methyl Bromide (392 Lbs/A - Fumigated): • 1998: 99% lower than UTC (*) • 1999: 99% lower than UTC (*) • Telone C-35 EC (12 Gal/A) - Drip: • 1998: 81% lower than UTC (*) • 1999: 40% greater than UTC (NS)

  21. Purple Nutsedge Through Plastic in Squash: Shoots/Plot • Methyl Bromide (392 Lbs/A - Fumigated): • 1998: 99% lower than UTC (*) • 1999: 99% lower than UTC (*) • Telone C-35 EC (12 Gal/A) - Drip: • 1998: 81% lower than UTC (*) • 1999: 40% greater than UTC (NS) • Telone II + Chloropicrin + Vapam (12 Gal/A - Chisel ) and (6.6 + 50 Gal/A - Drip): • 1999 Early Season: 76% lower than UTC (*) • 1999 Late Season: 22% greater than UTC (NS)

  22. 13 Days After Treatment Telone II + Chloropicrin + Vapam(12 Gal/A - Chisel ) and (6.6 + 50 Gal/A - Drip) Nontreated Control

  23. Purple Nutsedge Through Plastic: Shoots/Plot • Methyl Iodide (392 Lbs/A - Drip): • 1998: 81% lower than UTC (*) • 1999: 21% greater than UTC (NS)

  24. Alternatives to Methyl Bromide for Weed Management? • Herbicides • Limited # of Registered Compounds • Cucurbits (3-5) - no nutsedge materials • Eggplant (4) - no nutsedge materials • Pepper (5) - no nutsedge materials • Squash (4) - no nutsedge materials • Tomato (7) - Tillam for nutsedge suppression • IR-4 is working to increase this list

  25. Sandea • Gowan • Halosulfuron-methyl • 75% active ingredient • MAY be labeled in FL in 2001 • Ever labeled in GA???? • Rate unknown -- probably 0.024 lb ai/A

  26. Sandea for Vegetable Weed Control 1-3 inch 1-9 inch passionflower cocklebur redroot pigweed ragweed pokeweed velvetleaf yellow nutsedge - suppression purple nutsedge - suppression 2 to 3 weeks residual weed control

  27. Yellow Nutsedge Control with Sandea Applied PRE in Watermelon.* % control *In cooperation with Ken Lewis, Crisp County, 2000. Rating 21 days after treatment.

  28. Yellow Nutsedge Control with Sandea Applied POST in Watermelon.* % control *In cooperation with Ken Lewis, Crisp County, 2000. Rating 21 days after treatment.

  29. Nontreated Sandea (0.024 lb ai/A)

  30. Sandea Potential Crops (in order of crop tolerance?) tomato

  31. Number of Tomato Boxes Per Acre After Sandea Treatments. Spring, 2000.* *In cooperation with Joel Hudgins, Decatur County, 2000.

  32. Number of Tomato Boxes Per Acre After Sandea Treatments. Spring, 2000.* *In cooperation with Joel Hudgins, Decatur County, 2000.

  33. Number of Tomato Boxes Per Acre After Sandea Treatments. Fall, 2000.* *In cooperation with Joel Hudgins, Decatur County, 2000.

  34. Sandea Potential Crops (in order of crop tolerance?) tomato cucumber pumpkin cantaloupe watermelon

  35. Nontreated Sandea (0.024 lb ai/A) Watermelon farm in Crisp County, May 2000. Treatment at 1-leaf.

  36. Watermelon Injury with Sandea Applied PRE in Watermelon.* % injury *In cooperation with Ken Lewis, Crisp County, 2000. Rating 21 days after treatment.

  37. Watermelon Injury with Sandea Applied POST to 3-inch Watermelon.* % injury *In cooperation with Ken Lewis, Crisp County, 2000. Rating 5 days after treatment.

  38. Watermelon Injury with Sandea Applied POST to 14-inch Watermelon.* % injury *In cooperation with Ken Lewis, Crisp County, 2000. Rating 5 days after treatment.

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