1. 21 June • Essay#2 will be due THURSDAY. I will hand back Essay #1 tomorrow, and you can use that to make appropriate revisions and corrections. • Peer Revising & Editing • Argumentation Pre-Reading Quiz • Notes on Chapter 18 • Student Essay pg. 481 • Pre-writing techniques, appeals, opposing viewpoints & audience • HW: Read chapter 18 pages 461-477; pre-write on 5 of the different topic choices.

2. Chapter 18 Notes • Argumentation – using clear thinking and logic to convince the readers of the soundness of a particular opinion on a controversial issue. • Persuasion – using emotional language and dramatic appeals to readers’ concerns, beliefs, and values. • Invitation – urging readers to commit to a course of action. • Differences • Document the presence of hunger in the US – use argumentation with stats, report findings, and expert opinion • Shake up the readers and motivate them to write letters to congressional reps to push for a change in policy – use persuasion with emotional accounts of undernourished children, ill-fed pregnant women, and nearly starving elderly people.

3. Blend argumentation and persuasion to allow emotion to support rather than replace logic and sound reasoning. • Controversy – Argumentation-persuasion involves more than presenting a point of view and providing evidence. It assumes controversy and addresses opposing viewpoints • See examples p. 457 • Appeals – balance logos, pathos, & ethos • Logos – logic or soundness of argument (facts, statistics, examples, authoritative statements) • Pathos – emotional power of language that appeals to readers’ needs, values, and attitudes and is partly derived from language. • Ethos – be credible and reliable; don’t be overwrought with emotion but present a logical, reasoned argument that takes opposing views into account

4. Audience • Supportive audiences agree with your position and trust your credibility so you don’t need a highly seasoned argument dense with facts, examples, and statistics. You will want some logos, but you can rely primarily on pathos to reinforce readers’ commitment to your shared viewpoint. • Wavering audiences are interested in what you have to say but may not be committed fully to your viewpoint or may not be as informed as they should be. You don’t want to risk alienating them with heavy emotional appeal, so concentrate instead on ethos and logos so you seem like a reliable source. • Hostile audiences can be the most difficult to convince, so you should avoid emotional appeals because they might seem irrational, sentimental, or even comical. Weigh the essay heavily in favor of logical reasoning and hart-to-dispute facts.