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Combustion Limits in Fire and Explosion Hazards

This document explores combustion limits and flame stability regarding fire and explosion hazards, detailing early experiments that established universal stability curves for subsonic gases. Conducted by experts at Shell Global Solutions UK, it includes findings from wind tunnel tests at Sheffield University, assessing the behavior of various fuels including methane and propane under crosswind conditions. The research highlights the influence of burner tilt on flame stability, the determination of blow-out limits, and the implications for safety in hazardous environments.

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Combustion Limits in Fire and Explosion Hazards

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  1. CONFIDENTIAL Combustion Limits in Fire and Explosion Hazards Geoff Chamberlain and Jonathan Puttock, Major Hazards Management Team, Shell Global solutions UK, Chester.

  2. Early Experiments – G. Kalghatgi, 1981 • Determined the blow out limits for subsonic gases. • Established universal stability curve.

  3. Experimental results – Mach No. v burner diameter q q q

  4. Flame stability in still air – natural gas

  5. Experiments in crosswinds – lifted flames • Sheffield University wind tunnel at Buxton • Burners 2-20 mm, crosswinds up to 8m/s • Methane, propane, Butagas (propane/butane mix), ethylene • Results non-dimensionalised using the grouping • Flames are less stable when burner tilted away from wind

  6. Flame stability – lifted flames in crosswind

  7. VideoWake stabilised flames

  8. CONFIDENTIAL The Universal Flame Stability Map

  9. Wake stabilised flames – effect of burner tilt • Burner tilted away from flame, flame is more stable – opposite effect with lifted flames.

  10. Bradley et al – simulation heat release contours MW/m3. Jet mean velocity 20m/s, crosswind 5.5 m/s. 10mm diam.CMC flamelet combustion model. HPCx Daresbury. q q

  11. Bradley et al – simulation heat release contours and velocity vectors close to burner tip. q q q

  12. Flammability Limits – Fuel/air/water vapour system. Flame extinction and oscillatory flames in compartments. q q

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