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Boundless Lecture Slides

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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. The Transition to Dictatorship Napoleon The French Empire Napoleon's Defeat The 100 Days ] Napoleon Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Napoleon > The Transition to Dictatorship The Transition to Dictatorship • Napoleon's Upbringing • Napoleon's Military Record • Napoleon's Marriage to Josephine • The First Consul • Early Wars with Austria and Britain • Napoleon's Constitution • Napoleon's Government • Napoleon and the New World • The Concordat of 1801 • The Napoleonic Code Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/napoleon-1171/the-transition-to-dictatorship-1172/

  6. Napoleon > The French Empire The French Empire • "Emperor of the French" • The Confederation of the Rhine • Abdication in Spain • Italy under Napoleon • The Continental System • Napoleon's Marriage to Marie-Louise Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/napoleon-1171/the-french-empire-1174/

  7. Napoleon > Napoleon's Defeat Napoleon's Defeat • The Holy Alliance • Invasion of Russia • The Fall of Paris Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/napoleon-1171/napoleon-s-defeat-1175/

  8. Napoleon > The 100 Days The 100 Days • Napoleon's Exile and Return to Power • Napoleon's Defeat at Waterloo Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/napoleon-1171/the-100-days-1176/

  9. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  10. Napoleon Key terms • 1807 Treaty of FontainebleauAn 1807 treaty between Charles IV of Spain and Napoleon I of France regarding the occupation of Portugal. Under this treaty, Portugal was divided into three regions- the Entre-Douro-e-Minho Province for the King of the Etrúria, the Principality of the Algarves under Spanish minister D. Manuel Godoy and the remaining provinces and overseas territories to be distributed under a later agreement. • Abdications of BayonneThe name given to a series of forced abdications of the Kings of Spain, Charles IV and his son Ferdinand VII, that led to what the Spanish-speaking world calls the Spanish War of Independence (1808-1814), which overlaps with the Peninsular War. • Additional ActA document known also as the Charter of 1815, signed on April 22, 1815, which was the French constitution prepared by Benjamin Constant at the request of Napoleon I after he returned from exile on Elba. It extensively amended (in fact virtually replacing) the previous Napoleonic Constitutions (Constitution of the Year VIII, Constitution of the Year X, and Constitution of the Year XII). It was very liberal in spirit and gave the French people rights which were previously unknown to them, such as the right to elect a mayor in communes with populations of fewer than 5,000. • Battle of AusterlitzAn 1805 battle, also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, that was one of the most important and decisive engagements of the Napoleonic Wars. In what is widely regarded as the greatest victory achieved by Napoleon, the Grande Armée of France defeated a larger Russian and Austrian army led by Tsar Alexander I and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II. The battle brought the War of the Third Coalition to a rapid end. • Battle of Paris of 1814A battle fought on March 30–31, 1814 between the Sixth Coalition—consisting of Russia, Austria, and Prussia—and the French Empire. After a day of fighting in the suburbs of Paris, the French surrendered on March 31, ending the War of the Sixth Coalition and forcing Emperor Napoleon to abdicate and go into exile. • Battle of WaterlooA battle fought on June 18, 1815 near Waterloo in present-day Belgium, then part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. A French army under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition: an Anglo-led Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington, and a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher. • Berlin DecreeA decree issued in Berlin by Napoleon in 1806 that forbade the import of British goods into European countries allied with or dependent upon France and installed the Continental System in Europe. All connections were to be cut, even the mail. Any ships discovered trading with Great Britain were liable to French maritime attacks and seizures. The ostensible goal was to weaken the British economy by closing French-controlled territory to its trade. • Charter of 1814An 1814 constitution granted by King Louis XVIII of France shortly after his restoration. The Congress of Vienna demanded that Louis bring in a constitution of some form before he was restored. The document was presented as a gift from the King to the people, not as a constituent act of the people. • Charter of 1815A constitution signed on April 22, 1815 and prepared by Benjamin Constant at the request of Napoleon I when he returned from exile on Elba. More correctly known as the "Additional Act to the Constitutions of the Empire," the document extensively amended (virtually replacing) the previous Napoleonic Constitutions (Constitution of the Year VIII, Constitution of the Year X, and Constitution of the Year XII). • Cisalpine RepublicA sister republic and a satellite state of France created by Napoleon out of territories in Northern Italy that lasted from 1797 to 1802. • Civil Constitution of the ClergyA law passed in July 1790 during the French Revolution that subordinated the Roman Catholic Church in France to the French government. • Concert of EuropeA system, also known as the Congress System or the Vienna System after the Congress of Vienna, adopted by the major conservative powers of Europe to maintain their power, oppose revolutionary movements, weaken the forces of nationalism, and uphold the balance of power. It operated in Europe from the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1815) to the early 1820s. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  11. Napoleon • ConcordatConvention between the Holy See (the Vatican) and a sovereign state that defines the relationship between the Catholic Church and the state in matters that concern both, i.e. the recognition and privileges of the Catholic Church in a particular country and with secular matters that impact on church interests. • Confederation of the RhineA confederation of client states of the First French Empire formed by Napoleon in 1806 from 16 German states after he defeated Austria and Russia in the Battle of Austerlitz. 19 other states joined later, creating a territory of over 15 million subjects. It provided a significant strategic advantage to the French Empire on its eastern front. • Congress of ViennaA conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815. The objective was to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. • Conseil d'État(French: Council of State): A body of the French national government that acts both as legal adviser of the executive branch and as the supreme court for administrative justice. Originally established in 1799 by Napoleon Bonaparte as a successor to the King's Council and a judicial body mandated to adjudicate claims against the State and assist in the drafting of important laws. • Constitution of the Year VIIIThe French constitution adoptedon December 24, 1799 (during the Year VIII of the French RevolutionaryCalendar), that established the form of government known as the Consulate. Theconstitution tailor-made the position of First Consul to give Napoleon most ofthe powers of a dictator. It was the first constitution since the Revolutionthat did not include a Declaration of Rights. • ConsulateThe government of Francefrom the fall of the Directory in the Coup of 18 Brumaire (1799) until thestart of the Napoleonic Empire in 1804. By extension, the term also refers tothis period of French history. During this period, Napoleon Bonaparte, as FirstConsul, established himself as the head of a more liberal, authoritarian,autocratic, and centralized republican government in France while not declaringhimself head of state. • ConsulateThe government of Francefrom the fall of the Directory in the Coup of 18 Brumaire (1799) until thestart of the Napoleonic Empire in 1804. By extension, the term also refers tothis period of French history. Napoleon Bonaparte, as FirstConsul, established himself as the head of a more liberal, authoritarian,autocratic, and centralized republican government in France while not declaringhimself head of state. • Continental SystemThe foreign policy of Napoleon I of France in his struggle against Great Britain during the Napoleonic Wars that used the economic warfare as a strategy to weaken Britain. As a response to the naval blockade of the French coasts enacted by the British government in 1806, Napoleon issued the Berlin Decree, which brought into effect a large-scale embargo against British trade that banned trade between Britain and states occupied by or allied with France. • Continental SystemThe foreign policy of NapoleonI of France in his struggle against Great Britain during theNapoleonic Wars that used the economic warfare as a strategy.As a response to the naval blockade of the French coasts enacted by the Britishgovernment in 1806, Napoleon issued the Berlin Decree, which brought intoeffect a large-scale embargo against British trade that banned trade betweenBritain and states occupied by or allied with France. • Convention of St. CloudAn 1815 military convention at which the French surrendered Paris to the armies of Prince Blücher and the Duke of Wellington, ending surrender hostilities between the armies of the Seventh Coalition and the French army. Under the terms of the convention, the commander of the French army, Marshal Davout, surrendered Paris to the two allied armies of the Seventh Coalition and agreed to move the French army well away from Paris to the south. In return, the allies promised to respect the rights and property of the local government, French civilians, and members of the French armed forces. • Corps législatifA part of the French legislature during the French Revolution and beyond. During the period of the French Directory beginning in 1795, the Corps législatif referred to the bicameral legislature of the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients. Under Napoleon's Consulate, this was the law-making body of the three-part government apparatus (alongside the Tribunat and the Sénat Conservateur). At the time, its role consisted solely of voting on laws deliberated before the Tribunat. • CorsicaAn island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 18 regions of France. It is located west of the Italian Peninsula, southeast of the French mainland, and north of the Italian island of Sardinia. After being ruled by the Republic of Genoa since 1284, it was briefly independent from 1755 until it was conquered by France in 1769. Due to its historical ties with the Italian peninsula, the island retains many elements of Italian culture. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  12. Napoleon • Council of StateA body of the Frenchnational government that acts both as legal adviser of the executivebranch and as the supreme court for administrative justice. Originallyestablished in 1799 by Napoleon Bonaparte as a successor to the King'sCouncil  and a judicial body mandated to adjudicate claims against theState and assist in the drafting of important laws. • Coup of 18 BrumaireA bloodless coup d'étatunder the leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte that overthrew the Directory, replacingit with the French Consulate. It took place on November 9, 1799, which was 18Brumaire, Year VIII under the French Republican Calendar. • Coup of 18 BrumaireA bloodless coup d'étatunder the leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte that overthrew the Directory,replacing it with the French Consulate. It took place on November 9, 1799,which was 18 Brumaire, Year VIII under the French Republican Calendar. • Coup of 18 BrumaireA bloodless coup d'étatunder the leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte that overthrew the Directory, replacingit with the French Consulate. It took place on November 9, 1799, 18Brumaire, Year VIII under the French Republican Calendar. • Coup of 18 BrumaireA bloodless coup d'étatunder the leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte that overthrew the Directory,replacing it with the French Consulate. It took place on November 9, 1799,18 Brumaire, Year VIII under the French Republican Calendar. • Coup of 30 PrairialA bloodless coup, also known as the Revenge of the Councils, that occurred in France on June 18, 1799—30 Prairial Year VII by the French Republican Calendar. It left Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès as the dominant figure of the French government and prefigured the Coup of 18 Brumaire that brought Napoleon Bonaparte to power. • deistAn advocate of a theological/philosophical position that combines the rejection of revelation and authority as a source of religious knowledge with the conclusion that reason and observation of the natural world are sufficient to determine the existence of a single creator of the universe. • DirectoryA five-membercommittee that governed France from November 1795 when it replacedthe Committee of Public Safety until it was overthrown by NapoleonBonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire (November 8-9, 1799) andreplaced by the Consulate. It gave its name to the final four years of theFrench Revolution. • DirectoryA five-membercommittee that governed France from November 1795, when it replacedthe Committee of Public Safety, until it was overthrown by NapoleonBonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire (November 8-9, 1799) andreplaced by the Consulate. It gave its name to the final four years of theFrench Revolution. • DirectoryA five-membercommittee that governed France from November 1795, when it replacedthe Committee of Public Safety, until it was overthrown by NapoleonBonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire (November 8-9, 1799) andreplaced by the Consulate. It gave its name to the final four years of theFrench Revolution. • El Escorial ConspiracyAn attempted coup d'état led by the Crown Prince Fernando of Asturias that took place in 1807, but was quickly discovered and led to an investigation known as the Process of El Escorial. • Emperor of the FrenchThe title established when Napoleon Bonaparte received the title of Emperor in 1804 from the French Senate and was crowned at the cathedral of Notre Dame. The title emphasized that the emperor ruled over the French people, the nation, and not over France, the republic. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  13. Napoleon • French Invasion of RussiaA military campaign, known inRussia as the Patriotic War of 1812 and in France as the Russian Campaign,that began in June 1812 when Napoleon's Grande Armée crossed the NemanRiver to engage and defeat the Russian army. Napoleonhoped to compel Tsar Alexander I of Russia to cease trading withBritish merchants through proxies to pressure the UnitedKingdom to sue for peace. The official political aim of the campaignwas to liberate Poland from the threat of Russia. • French Revolutionary WarsA series of sweepingmilitary conflicts lasting from 1792 until 1802, resulting from the FrenchRevolution. They pitted the French First Republic against Britain, Austria, and several other monarchies. They are divided in two periods: the War of theFirst Coalition (1792–1797) and the War of the SecondCoalition (1798–1802). Initially confined to Europe, the fightinggradually assumed a global dimension as the political ambitions of theRevolution expanded. • French Revolutionary WarsA series of sweepingmilitary conflicts lasting from 1792 until 1802, resulting from the FrenchRevolution. They pitted the French First Republic against Britain, Austria, and several other monarchies. They are divided in two periods: the War of theFirst Coalition (1792–1797) and the War of the SecondCoalition (1798–1802). Initially confined to Europe, the fightinggradually assumed a global dimension as the political ambitions of theRevolution expanded. • French Revolutionary WarsA series of sweepingmilitary conflicts lasting from 1792 until 1802, resulting from the FrenchRevolution. They pitted the French First Republic against Britain, Austria, and several other monarchies. They are divided in two periods: the War of theFirst Coalition (1792–1797) and the War of the SecondCoalition (1798–1802). Initially confined to Europe, the fightinggradually assumed a global dimension as the political ambitions of theRevolution expanded. • Gallican ChurchThe Roman Catholic Church in France from the time of the Declaration of the Clergy of France (1682) to that of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790) during the French Revolution. • German Campaign of 1813A military campaign fought in 1813, in which members of the Sixth Coalition fought a series of battles in Germany against the French Emperor Napoleon and his Marshals. The campaign liberated the German states from the domination of the First French Empire. • Haitian RevolutionA successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial insurrection that took place in the former French colony of Saint Domingue from 1791 until 1804. It impacted the institution of slavery throughout the Americas. Self-liberated slaves destroyed slavery at home, fought to preserve their freedom, and collaborated with mulattoes to found the sovereign state of Haiti. • Hundred DaysThe period between Napoleon's return from exile on the island of Elba to Paris on March 20, 1815, and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII on July 8, 1815 (a period of 111 days). This period saw the War of the Seventh Coalition and includes the Waterloo Campaign, the Neapolitan War, and several minor campaigns. • Kingdom of ItalyA French client state founded in Northern Italy by Napoleon I, fully influenced by revolutionary France, that ended with his defeat and fall. Formally in personal union with the French Empire, with Napoleon I reigning as its king throughout its existence (1805-14), direct governance was conducted by Napoleon's stepson, Eugène de Beauharnais, who served as Viceroy for his step-father. • Law of May 20A law passed in 1802 that revoked the Law of February 4, 1794, which had abolished slavery in all the French colonies. It explicitly concerned the territories, where the 1794 law had not been applied,  and was linked to the 1802 Treaty of Amiens which restored Martinique to France. The 1802 law thus did not apply to Guadeloupe and Guyane and had little effect in Saint-Domingue except to re-inflame rebellion and accelerate its march towards independence in 1804. • Legion of HonorThe highest French order for military and civil merits, established in 1802 by Napoléon Bonaparte. It was originally established as a substitute for the old royalist decorations and orders of chivalry to encourage civilian and military achievements. • Louisiana PurchaseThe acquisition of the Louisiana territory (828,000 square miles) by the United States from France in 1803. The U.S. paid 50 million francs ($11.25 million USD) and a cancellation of debts worth 18 million francs ($3.750 million USD) for a total of 68 million francs ($15 million USD). The Louisiana territory included land from 15 present U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  14. Napoleon • Mediterranean campaign of 1798A series of major naval operations surrounding a French expeditionary force sent to Egypt under Napoleon Bonaparte during the French Revolutionary Wars. The French Republic sought to capture Egypt as the first stage in an effort to threaten British India and thus force Great Britain to make peace. • Milan DecreeA decree issued in 1807 by Napoleon I of France to enforce the Berlin Decree of 1806, which initiated the Continental System. It authorized French warships and privateers to capture neutral ships sailing from any British port or from any country occupied by British forces. It also declared that any ships submitted to search by the Royal Navy on the high seas were to be considered lawful prizes if captured by the French. • Mutiny of AranjuAn 1808 uprising against Charles IV that took place in the town of Aranjuez. The mutineers made Charles dismiss unpopular prime minister Godoy and two days later, the court forced the King himself to abdicate in favor of his son and rival, who became Ferdinand VII. • Napoleon's Italian RepublicA short-lived (1802–1805) republic located in Northern Italy created by Napoleon as a successor of the Cisalpine Republic. It was a sister republic of Napoleonic France (the two were joined by the personal union). • Napoleonic CodeThe French civil code established under Napoleon I in 1804. It was drafted by a commission of four eminent jurists. The code, with its stress on clearly written and accessible law, was a major step in replacing the previous patchwork of feudal laws. Historian Robert Holtman regards it as one of the few documents that have influenced the whole world. • Napoleonic CodeThe French civil code established under Napoleon I in 1804. It was drafted by a commission of four eminent jurists. With its stress on clearly written and accessible law, it was a major step in replacing the previous patchwork of feudal laws. Historian Robert Holtman regards it as one of the few documents that have influenced the whole world.  • Napoleonic WarsA series of major global conflicts pitting the French Empire, led by Napoleon I, against an array of European powers formed into various coalitions between 1803 and 1815. They revolutionized European armies and played out on an unprecedented scale, mainly owing to the application of modern mass conscription. The wars were a continuation of the Revolutionary Wars, which broke out in 1792 during the French Revolution. • Orders in Council of 1807An 1807 series of decrees made by the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in the course of the wars with Napoleonic France, which instituted its policy of commercial warfare. They played an important role in shaping the British war effort against France as well as strained relations—and sometimes military conflicts—between the United Kingdom and neutral countries. • Organic ArticlesAn 1801/02 law administering public worship in France. It was presented by Napoleon Bonaparte and consisted of 77 Articles relating to Catholicism and 44 Articles relating to Protestantism. • Peninsular WarAn 1807–1814 military conflict between Napoleon's empire and the allied powers of Spain, Britain, and Portugal for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars. The war started when French and Spanish armies invaded and occupied Portugal in 1807 and escalated in 1808 when France turned on Spain, its ally. The war lasted until the Sixth Coalition defeated Napoleon in 1814, and is regarded as one of the first wars of national liberation, significant for the emergence of large-scale guerrilla warfare. • Peninsular WarAn 1807–1814 militaryconflict between Napoleon's empire and the allied powers of Spain,Britain, and Portugal for control of the Iberian Peninsula duringthe Napoleonic Wars. The war started when French and Spanish armies invaded andoccupied Portugal in 1807 and escalated in 1808 when France turned onSpain, previously its ally. The war lasted until the SixthCoalition defeated Napoleon in 1814 and is regarded as one of the firstwars of national liberation, significant for the emergence of large-scaleguerrilla warfare. • Quadruple AllianceA treaty signed in Paris in 1815 by the great powers of United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia, and Russia. It renewed the use of the Congress System which advanced European international relations. The alliance was originally formed to counter France and the powers promised aid to each other. It functioned until 1818. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  15. Napoleon • Quintuple AllianceAn alliance that came into being at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818, when France joined the earlier alliance created by Russia, Austria, Prussia and the United Kingdom. • Reign of TerrorA period of violence duringthe French Revolution incited by conflict between two rival political factions,the Girondins and the Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of "theenemies of the revolution." The death toll ranged in the tens ofthousands, with 16,594 executed by guillotine and another 25,000 in summaryexecutions across France. • Siege of ToulonA military siege of republican forces over a royalist rebellion in the southern French city of Toulon that took place between September 8 and December 19, 1793. The royalists were supported by British, Spanish, Neapolitan, and Piedmontese troops. • Siege of ToulonA military siege ofrepublican forces over a royalist rebellion in the southern Frenchcity of Toulon that took place between September 8 and December 19, 1793. Theroyalists were supported by British, Spanish, Neapolitan, andPiedmontese troops. • Six Days' CampaignA final series of victories by the forces of Napoleon I of France as the Sixth Coalition closed in on Paris, February 10-15, 1814. • Sénat conservateurAn advisory body established in France during the Consulate following the French Revolution. It was established in 1799 under the Constitution of the Year VIII following the Napoleon Bonaparte-led Coup of 18 Brumaire. It lasted until 1814 when Napoleon Bonaparte was overthrown and the Bourbon monarchy was restored, and was a key element in Napoleon's regime. • The Concordat of 1801An agreement between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII signed in July 1801 in Paris that remained in effect until 1905. It sought national reconciliation between revolutionaries and Catholics and solidified the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France, with most of its civil status restored. • The ConsulateThe government of Francefrom the fall of the Directory in the Coup of 18 Brumaire (1799) until thestart of the Napoleonic Empire in 1804. By extension, the term also refers tothis period of French history. During this period, Napoleon Bonaparte, as FirstConsul, established himself as the head of a more liberal, authoritarian,autocratic, and centralized republican government in France while not declaringhimself head of state. • the ConsulateThe government of France from the fall of the Directory in the Coup of 18 Brumaire (1799) until the start of the Napoleonic Empire in 1804. By extension, the term also refers to this period of French history. During this period, Napoleon Bonaparte, as First Consul, established himself as the head of a more liberal, authoritarian, autocratic, and centralized republican government in France while not declaring himself head of state. • The Dos de MayoAn 1808 rebellion by the people of Madrid against the occupation of the city by French troops, provoking the repression by the French Imperial forces and triggering the Peninsular War. • The French Invasion of RussiaA military campaign, known in Russia as the Patriotic War of 1812 and in France as the Russian Campaign, that began in June 1812 when Napoleon's Grande Armée crossed the Niemen River to engage and defeat the Russian army. Napoleon hoped to compel Tsar Alexander I of Russia to cease trading with British merchants through proxies in an effort to pressure the United Kingdom to sue for peace. The official political aim of the campaign was to liberate Poland from the threat of Russia. • The Holy AllianceA coalition created by the monarchist great powers of Russia, Austria and Prussia. It was established after the ultimate defeat of Napoleon at the behest of Tsar Alexander I of Russia and signed in Paris in 1815. Ostensibly, the alliance was formed to instill the divine right of kings and Christian values in European political life. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  16. Napoleon • Treaty of FontainebleauAn agreement established in Fontainebleau, France in 1814 between Napoleon I and representatives from the Austrian Empire, Russia, and Prussia. With this treaty, the allies ended Napoleon's rule as emperor of France and sent him into exile on Elba. • Treaty of Fontainebleau of 1814An agreement established in Fontainebleau, France, on April 11, 1814, between Napoleon I and representatives from the Austrian Empire, Russia, and Prussia.  With this treaty, the allies ended Napoleon's rule as emperor of France and sent him into exile on Elba. • Treaty of Paris of 1815A treaty signed on November 20, 1815, following the defeat and second abdication of Napoleon Bonaparte. Under the treaty, France was ordered to pay 700 million francs in indemnities and the country's borders were reduced to their 1790 levels. France was to cover the cost of providing additional defensive fortifications to neighboring Coalition countries. Furthermore, Coalition forces remained in Northern France as an army of occupation under the command of the Duke of Wellington. • TribunatOne of the four assemblies set up in France by the Constitution of Year VIII (the other three were the Council of State, the Corps législatif and the Sénat conservateur). It was set up officially in 1800 at the same time as the Corps législatif. It assumed some of the functions of the Council of Five Hundred, but its role consisted only of deliberating projected laws before their adoption by the Corps législatif, with the legislative initiative remaining with the Council of State. • War of the First CoalitionThe 1792–1797 conflict of the French Revolutionary Wars that was the first attempt by the European monarchies to defeat the French First Republic. France declared war on the Habsburg Monarchy of Austria in April 1792 and the Kingdom of Prussia joined the Austrian side a few weeks later. A number of smaller states, including Spain, Portugal, and the Dutch Republic, also joined the anti-French coalition. • War of the Second CoalitionThe 1798–1802 conflict that was the second war on revolutionary France by the European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria, and Russia and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, and Naples. Their goal was to contain the spread of chaos from France. • War of the Sixth CoalitionA war fought from March 1813 to May 1814 in which a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, Spain, and a number of German states finally defeated France and drove Napoleon into exile on Elba. • Waterloo CampaignA military campaign  (June 15 – July 8, 1815) fought between the French Army of the North and two Seventh Coalition armies, an Anglo-allied army and a Prussian army. Initially, the French army was commanded by Napoleon Bonaparte, but he left for Paris after the French defeat at the Battle of Waterloo. Command then rested on Marshals Soult and Grouchy, who were replaced by Marshal Davout at the request of the French Provisional Government. The Anglo-allied army was commanded by the Duke of Wellington and the Prussian army by Prince Blücher. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  17. Napoleon Ograbme A political cartoon showing merchants dodging the "Ograbme," which is "Embargo" spelled backwards. The embargo was also ridiculed in the New England press as Dambargo, Mob-Rage, or Go-bar-'em. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Ograbme.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ograbme.jpgView on Boundless.com

  18. Napoleon Portrait of Talleyrand, by Pierre-Paul Prud'hon (1809). The name Talleyrand has become a byword for crafty, cynical diplomacy. Talleyrand polarizes scholarly opinion. Some regard him as one of the most versatile, skilled, and influential diplomats in European history, and some believe that he was a traitor, betraying the Ancien Régime, the French Revolution, Napoleon, and the Restoration. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."800px-Talleyrand_01.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Talleyrand_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  19. Napoleon Battle of Paris of 1814 by Bogdan Willewalde. The Battle of Paris was fought on March 30–31, 1814 between the Sixth Coalition—consisting of Russia, Austria, and Prussia—and the French Empire. After a day of fighting in the suburbs of Paris, the French surrendered on March 31, ending the War of the Sixth Coalition and forcing Emperor Napoleon to abdicate and go into exile. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Battle_of_Paris_1814.png."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Paris_1814.pngView on Boundless.com

  20. Napoleon Portrait of Joseph Fouché by an unknown artist. Fouché, once a revolutionary using extreme terror against the Bourbon supporters, later initiated a campaign of White Terror against real and imaginary enemies of the Royalist restoration (officially directed against those who had plotted and supported Napoleon's return to power). Even Prime Minister Talleyrand disapproved of such practices. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Joseph_Fouché.png."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Fouch%C3%A9.pngView on Boundless.com

  21. Napoleon Leaders of the Catholic Church taking the civil oath required by the Concordat of 1801, Henri Gourdon de Genouillac, Paris à travers les siècles, v. 4, Paris, F. Roy, 1881. In the aftermath of signing the Concordat of 1801, the Catholic clergy returned from exile or hiding and resumed their traditional positions in their traditional churches. Very few parishes retained the priests who had accepted the "Civil Constitution of the Clergy." Napoleon and the pope both found the Concordat useful. Similar arrangements were made with the Church in territories controlled by Napoleon, especially Italy and Germany. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."1024px-FrenchChurchOathConcordat.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FrenchChurchOathConcordat.jpgView on Boundless.com

  22. Napoleon Portrait of Carlo Maria Buonaparte, father of Napoleon Bonaparte, by an unknown artist. This is one of few portraits of Napoleon's father. In this half–length posthumous portrait, Carlo Maria (1746-1785) is dressed as a gentleman of the Ancien Régime with powdered wig and a coat laced with gold. Carlo was a Corsican lawyer and politician who briefly served as a personal assistant of the revolutionary leader Pasquale Paoli and eventually rose to become Corsica's representative to the court of Louis XVI. After his death, while Napoleon became Emperor of the French, several of his other children received royal titles from their brother. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Carlo_Buonaparte.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carlo_Buonaparte.jpgView on Boundless.com

  23. Napoleon Letizia Ramolino by Robert Lefèvre, 1813. Letizia was reportedly a harsh mother and down-to-earth woman. When most European mothers bathed children perhaps once a month, she had her children bathed every other day. Letizia spoke Italian and Corsican and never learned French. When she was 35, her husband died of cancer. She was decreed "Madam, the Mother of His Imperial Majesty The Emperor" (Madame Mère de l'Empereur), Imperial Highness in 1804 or 1805. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Robert_Lefèvre_001.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Lef%C3%A8vre_001.jpgView on Boundless.com

  24. Napoleon Battle of the Pyramids on July 21, 1798 by Louis-François, Baron Lejeune, 1808. The Egyptian campaign ended in what some in France believed was a failure, with 15,000 French troops killed in action and 15,000 by disease. However, Napoleon's reputation as a brilliant military commander remained intact and even rose higher despite his failures during the campaign. This was due to his expert propaganda designed to bolster the expeditionary force and improve its morale. That propaganda even spread back to France, where news of defeats such as at sea in Aboukir Bay and on land in Syria were suppressed. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Louis-François_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpgView on Boundless.com

  25. Napoleon Miniature portrait of the Empress by Jean Baptiste Isabey on a gold snuff box crafted by the Imperial goldsmith Adrien-Jean-Maximilien Vachette, circa 1810. Josephine was a renowned spendthrift and Barras may have encouraged the relationship with Napoleon to get her off his hands. Napoleon reportedly said that the only thing to come between them was her debts. Despite the affairs of both spouses and the eventual divorce, evidence suggests that Napoleon and Josephine loved each other deeply throughout their lives. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Empress_Josephine_Portrait_Gold_Box.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Empress_Josephine_Portrait_Gold_Box.jpgView on Boundless.com

  26. Napoleon A portrait of the three Consuls, Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès, Napoleon Bonaparteand Charles-François Lebrun (left to right) by Henri-Nicolas Van Gorp. Sieyès and Ducos survived only two months as members of the Consulate. In December 1799, two new members (in the portrait above) joined Napoleon. As the years would progress, he would move to consolidate his own power as First Consul and leave the two other consuls, Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès and Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance, as well as the Assemblies, weak and subservient. By consolidating power, Bonaparte was able to transform the aristocratic constitution of Sieyès into a dictatorship. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."3consuls.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:3consuls.jpgView on Boundless.com

  27. Napoleon Napoleon's arrival in Malta (unknown artist). Despite Napoleon's initial successes, including the temporary capture of the port city Valletta in Malta, the defeats of French Navy in the Mediterranean encouraged a number of states to join the Second Coalition and go to war with France. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Nap_malta.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nap_malta.jpgView on Boundless.com

  28. Napoleon Napoleon Crossing the Alps by Jacques-Louis David (1800) In one of the famous paintings of Napoleon, the Consul and his army are depicted crossing the Swiss Alps on their way to Italy. The daring maneuver surprised the Austrians and forced a decisive engagement at Marengo in 1800. Victory there allowed Napoleon to strengthen his political position back in France. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpgView on Boundless.com

  29. Napoleon Page 3 of the Constitution of the Year VIII, Archives Nationales. Napoleon established a political system that historian Martyn Lyons called "dictatorship by plebiscite." Worried by the democratic forces unleashed by the Revolution, but unwilling to ignore them entirely, Napoleon resorted to regular electoral consultations with the French people on his road to imperial power. He drafted the Constitution of the Year VIII and secured his own election as First Consul, taking up residence at the Tuileries. The constitution was approved in a plebiscite held the following January, with 99.94 percent officially listed as voting "yes." Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Constitution_du_22_frimaire_an_VIII_13_décembre_1799._Page_3_-_Archives_Nationales_-_AE-I-29-4.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Constitution_du_22_frimaire_an_VIII_(13_d%C3%A9cembre_1799)._Page_3_-_Archives_Nationales_-_AE-I-29-4.jpgView on Boundless.com

  30. Napoleon Saint-Domingue slave revolt in 1791 (Haitian Revolution), German copper engraving, author unknown. Napoleon's role in the Haitian Revolution and decision to reinstate slavery in France's oversea colonies remain controversial and affect his reputation as one of the most brilliant rulers in global history. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Fire_in_Saint-Domingo_1791_German_copper_engraving.jpg."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Revolution#/media/File:Fire_in_Saint-Domingo_1791,_German_copper_engraving.jpgView on Boundless.com

  31. Napoleon Contemporary propaganda engraving depicting the first meeting of the Confederation of the Rhine on August 25, 1806. Napoleon, "Protector" of the Confederation, is visible in the background, wearing the largest hat. The original members of the confederation were 16 German states from the Holy Roman Empire. They were later joined by 19 others, forming a territory that totaled more than 15 million subjects and provided a significant strategic advantage to the French Empire on its eastern front. Prussia and Austria were not members. Napoleon sought to consolidate the modernizing achievements of the revolution, but, above all, he wanted the soldiers and supplies these subject states could provide for his wars. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Confederation_of_the_Rhine_First_Meeting.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Confederation_of_the_Rhine_First_Meeting.jpgView on Boundless.com

  32. Napoleon First page of the 1804 original edition of the Napoleonic Code. The Napoleonic Code was not the first legal code to be established in a European country with a civil legal system. It was preceded by the Codex Maximilianeus bavaricus civilis (Bavaria, 1756), the Allgemeines Landrecht (Prussia, 1794), and the West Galician Code (Galicia, then part of Austria, 1797). It was, however, the first modern legal code to be adopted with a pan-European scope and strongly influenced the law of many of the countries formed during and after the Napoleonic Wars. The Napoleonic Code was very influential in developing countries outside Europe, especially in the Middle East, that were attempting to modernize through legal reforms. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Code_Civil_1804.png."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Code_Civil_1804.pngView on Boundless.com

  33. Napoleon Napoleon I on His Imperial Throne by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, 1806. Napoleon's coronation took place on December 2, 1804. Two separate crowns were brought for the ceremony: a golden laurel wreath recalling the Roman Empire and a replica of Charlemagne's crown. Napoleon entered the ceremony wearing the laurel wreath and kept it on his head throughout the proceedings. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commmons."800px-Ingres_Napoleon_on_his_Imperial_throne.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ingres,_Napoleon_on_his_Imperial_throne.jpgView on Boundless.com

  34. Napoleon Joseph I of Spain (Joseph Bonaparte), by François Gérard, 1808. The liberal, republican, and radical segments of the Spanish and Portuguese populations supported a potential French invasion. Napoleon relied on this support both in the conduct of the war and administration of the country. But while Napoleon—through his brother Joseph—fulfilled his promises to remove all feudal and clerical privileges, most Spanish liberals soon came to oppose the occupation because of the violence and brutality it brought. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Joseph-Bonaparte.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph-Bonaparte.jpgView on Boundless.com

  35. Napoleon Marriage of Napoleon and Marie-Louise by Georges Rouget (1811). Marie-Louise was less than happy with the arrangement, at least at first, stating "Just to see the man would be the worst form of torture." However, she seemed to warm up to Napoleon over time. After her wedding, she wrote to her father "He loves me very much. I respond to his love sincerely. There is something very fetching and very eager about him that is impossible to resist." Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."800px-Napoleon_Marie_Louise_Marriage1.jpeg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Napoleon_Marie_Louise_Marriage1.jpegView on Boundless.com

  36. Napoleon Location of Cisalpine Republic in 1799, Adolphus William Ward, The Cambridge Modern History Atlas, London: Cambridge University Press, 1912, Map 86. Formally, the Cisalpine Republic was an independent state allied with France, but the treaty of alliance established the effective subalternity of the new republic to France. The French in fact had control over the local police and left an army consisting of 25,000 Frenchmen, financed by the republic. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Norditalien_und_Mittelitalien_1799.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Norditalien_und_Mittelitalien_1799.jpgView on Boundless.com

  37. Napoleon Contemporary caricature of the 1822Congress of Verona, the last meeting of the Quintuple Alliance. While Britain stood largely aloof from the Alliance's illiberal actions, the four Continental monarchies were successful in authorizing Austrian military action in Italy in 1821 and French intervention in Spain in 1823. The Quintuple Alliance is considered defunct along with the Holy Alliance of the three original Continental members with the death of Tsar Alexander I of Russia in 1825. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Congress_of_Verona.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Congress_of_Verona.jpgView on Boundless.com

  38. Napoleon Napoleon's retreat by Vasily Vereshchagin. The main body of Napoleon's Grande Armée diminished by a third during the first eight weeks of his invasion before the major battle of the campaign. The central French force under Napoleon's direct command crossed the Niemen River with 286,000 men, but by the time of the Battle of Borodino his force was reduced to 161,475. Napoleon's invasion of Russia is among the most lethal military operations in world history. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."On_the_big_road_Vereshchagin_-_detail.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:On_the_big_road_(Vereshchagin)_-_detail.jpgView on Boundless.com

  39. Napoleon Michail Illarionovich Kutuzov (1745 - 1813), commander-in-chief of the Russian army on the far left, with his generals at the talks deciding to surrender Moscow to Napoleon. The room is the home of peasant A.S. Frolov. Painting by Aleksey Danilovich Kivshenko. Kutuzov's military career was closely associated with the period of Russia's growing power from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century. Kutuzov contributed much to the military history of Russia and is considered one of the best Russian generals. He took part in the suppression of the Bar Confederation's uprising, in three of the Russo-Turkish Wars, and in the Napoleonic War, including two major battles at Austerlitz and the battle of Borodino. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Kutuzov_fili.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kutuzov_fili.jpgView on Boundless.com

  40. Napoleon Vladimir Ivanovich Moshkov (1792—1839), Battle of Leipzig. The Battle of Leipzig or Battle of the Nations was fought on October 16-19, 1813, at Leipzig, Saxony. The coalition armies of Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Sweden, led by Tsar Alexander I of Russia and Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg, decisively defeated the French army of Napoleon I that also contained Polish, Italian, and German troops (from the Confederation of the Rhine). Being decisively defeated for the first time in battle, Napoleon was compelled to return to France while the Coalition hurried to keep their momentum, invading France early the next year. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."MoshkovVI_SrazhLeypcigomGRM.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MoshkovVI_SrazhLeypcigomGRM.jpgView on Boundless.com

  41. Napoleon British etching from 1814 in celebration of Napoleon's exile to Elba at the close of the War of the Sixth Coalition. The print shows Napoleon seated backwards on a donkey on the road "to Elba" from Fontainebleau. He holds a broken sword in one hand and the donkey's tail in the other while two drummers follow him playing a farewell march. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."1024px-Napoleon's_exile_to_Elba3.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Napoleon%27s_exile_to_Elba3.jpgView on Boundless.com

  42. Napoleon Battle of Waterloo (1815) by William Sadler II. Waterloo was the decisive engagement of the Waterloo Campaign and Napoleon's last. According to Wellington, the battle was "the nearest-run thing you ever saw in your life." Napoleon abdicated four days later and on July 7, Coalition forces entered Paris. The defeat at Waterloo ended Napoleon's rule as Emperor of the French and marked the end of his Hundred Days return from exile. The battle also ended the First French Empire and set a chronological milestone between serial European wars and a time of relative peace. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNGView on Boundless.com

  43. Napoleon Attribution • Wikipedia."Letizia Ramolino."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letizia_Ramolino • Wikipedia."Deism."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism • Wikipedia."Napoleon."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon • Wikipedia."Carlo Buonaparte."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Buonaparte • Wikipedia."Corsica."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsica • Wikipedia."French Directory."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Directory • Wikipedia."French campaign in Egypt and Syria."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria • Wikipedia."Napoleon."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon • Wikipedia."Military career of Napoleon Bonaparte."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_career_of_Napoleon_Bonaparte • Wikipedia."Siege of Toulon."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon • Wikipedia."Coup of 18 Brumaire."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire • Wikipedia."French Revolutionary Wars."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars • Wikipedia."Reign of Terror."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Terror • Wikipedia."Napoleon."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon • Wikipedia."Joséphine de Beauharnais."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais • Wikipedia."French Directory."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Directory • Wikipedia."Coup of 30 Prairial VII."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_of_30_Prairial_VII Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  44. Napoleon • Wikipedia."Napoleon."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon • Wikipedia."Conseil d'État (France)."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseil_d%27%C3%89tat_(France) • Wikipedia."Corps législatif."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_l%C3%A9gislatif • Wikipedia."Sénat conservateur."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9nat_conservateur • Wikipedia."French Consulate."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Consulate • Wikipedia."Coup of 18 Brumaire."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire • Wikipedia."Tribunat."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunat • Wikipedia."Constitution of the Year VIII."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_VIII • Wikipedia."French campaign in Egypt and Syria."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria • Wikipedia."Napoleon."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon • Wikipedia."Military career of Napoleon Bonaparte."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_career_of_Napoleon_Bonaparte • Wikipedia."Siege of Toulon."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon • Wikipedia."Mediterranean campaign of 1798."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_campaign_of_1798 • Wikipedia."War of the Second Coalition."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition • Wikipedia."War of the First Coalition."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition • Wikipedia."War of the Third Coalition."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition • Wikipedia."French Revolutionary Wars."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars • Wikipedia."Napoleon."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon • Wikipedia."Constitution of the Year X."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_X Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  45. Napoleon • Wikipedia."Charter of 1815."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_1815 • Wikipedia."French Consulate."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Consulate • Wikipedia."French Consulate."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Consulate • Wikipedia."Coup of 18 Brumaire."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire • Wikipedia."Constitution of the Year XII."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_XII • Wikipedia."Constitution of the Year VIII."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_VIII • Wikipedia."Concordat."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordat • Wikipedia."Napoleon."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon • Wikipedia."Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord • Wikipedia."Napoleonic Code."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Code • Wikipedia."French Consulate."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Consulate • Wikipedia."Joseph Fouché."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Fouch%C3%A9 • Wikipedia."History of France."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_France • Wikipedia."Legion of Honour."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour • Wikipedia."Haitian Revolution."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Revolution • Wikipedia."Napoleon."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon • Wikipedia."Louisiana Purchase."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase • Wikipedia."French colonial empire."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empire • Wikipedia."Napoleonic Wars."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  46. Napoleon • Wikipedia."Law of 20 May 1802."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_20_May_1802 • Wikipedia."French Revolutionary Wars."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars • Wikipedia."Civil Constitution of the Clergy."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy • Wikipedia."Napoleon."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon • Wikipedia."Vendée."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e • Wikipedia."Organic Articles."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_Articles • Wikipedia."Gallican Church."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallican_Church • Wikipedia."Concordat of 1801."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordat_of_1801 • Wikipedia."Nepoleon."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon • Wikipedia."Napoleonic Code."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Code • Wikipedia."Conseil d'État (France)."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseil_d%27%C3%89tat_(France) • Wikipedia."History of France."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_France • Wikipedia."French Directory."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Directory • Wikipedia."First French Empire."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire • Wikipedia."Napoleon."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon • Wikipedia."Emperor of the French."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_the_French • Wikipedia."French Consulate."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Consulate • Wikipedia."History of France."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_France • Wikipedia."Constitution of the Year VIII."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_VIII Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  47. Napoleon • Wikipedia."Confederation of the Rhine."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine • Wikipedia."Battle of Austerlitz."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz • Wikipedia."Napoleon."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon • Wikipedia."War of the Fourth Coalition."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition • Wikipedia."History of France."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_France • Wikipedia."El Escorial Conspiracy."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Escorial_Conspiracy • Wikipedia."Napoleon."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon • Wikipedia."Dos de Mayo Uprising."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dos_de_Mayo_Uprising • Wikipedia."Treaty of Fontainebleau (1807)."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1807) • Wikipedia."Peninsular War."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_War • Wikipedia."Mutiny of Aranjuez."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutiny_of_Aranjuez • Wikipedia."Abdications of Bayonne."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdications_of_Bayonne • Wikipedia."History of France."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_France • Wikipedia."Ferdinand VII of Spain."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain • Wikipedia."Cisalpine Republic."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic • Wikipedia."History of Italy (1559–1814)."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Italy_(1559%E2%80%931814) • Wikipedia."History of Italy."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Italy • Wikipedia."Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic) • Wikipedia."Italian Republic (Napoleonic)."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  48. Napoleon • Wikipedia."Berlin Decree."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Decree • Wikipedia."Orders in Council (1807)."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_in_Council_(1807) • Wikipedia."Macon's Bill Number 2."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon%27s_Bill_Number_2 • Wikipedia."Continental System."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_System • Wikipedia."Embargo Act of 1807."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embargo_Act_of_1807 • Wikipedia."Milan Decree."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Decree • Wikipedia."Nepoleon."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon • Wikipedia."Congress of Vienna."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna • Wikipedia."Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma • Wikipedia."Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814) • Wikipedia."Carlsbad Decrees."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees • Wikipedia."Quadruple Alliance (1815)."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadruple_Alliance_(1815) • Wikipedia."Holy Alliance ."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Alliance • Wikipedia."Concert of Europe."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_of_Europe • Wikipedia."Quintuple Alliance."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintuple_Alliance • Wikipedia."Congress of Verona."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Verona • Wikipedia."Eastern Question."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Question • Wikipedia."Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Thousand_Sons_of_Saint_Louis • Wikipedia."Russian Winter."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Winter Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  49. Napoleon • Wikipedia."Napoleon."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon • Wikipedia."Continental System."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_System • Wikipedia."Mikhail Kutuzov."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov • Wikipedia."Peninsular War."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_War • Wikipedia."French invasion of Russia."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia • Wikipedia."German Campaign of 1813."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Campaign_of_1813 • Wikipedia."Six Days' Campaign."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Days%27_Campaign • Wikipedia."War of the Sixth Coalition."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition • Wikipedia."Battle of Paris (1814)."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814) • Wikipedia."French Invasion of Russia."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia • Wikipedia."Campaign in north-east France (1814)."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_in_north-east_France_(1814) • Wikipedia."Battle of Leipzig."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig • Wikipedia."Biens nationaux."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biens_nationaux • Wikipedia."Bourbon Restoration."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration • Wikipedia."Napoleon."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon • Wikipedia."Hundred Days."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days • Wikipedia."Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814) • Wikipedia."Charter of 1815."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_1815 • Wikipedia."Charter of 1814."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_1814 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  50. Napoleon • Wikipedia."History of France."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_France • Wikipedia."Battle of Waterloo."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo • Wikipedia."Treaty of Paris (1815)."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815) • Wikipedia."Napoleon."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon • Wikipedia."Convention of St. Cloud."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_of_St._Cloud • Wikipedia."Waterloo Campaign."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo_Campaign • Wikipedia."Hundred Days."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days • Wikipedia."History of France."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_France Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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