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Composition, Performance Analysis and Simulation of Web Services

Composition, Performance Analysis and Simulation of Web Services. Senthilanand Chandrasekaran Advisor: Dr. John A. Miller Computer Science Department The University of Georgia. Topical Outline . Introduction Web Services and Web Services Composition Web Services Enabling Technologies

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Composition, Performance Analysis and Simulation of Web Services

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  1. Composition, Performance Analysis and Simulation of Web Services Senthilanand Chandrasekaran Advisor: Dr. John A. Miller Computer Science Department The University of Georgia

  2. Topical Outline • Introduction • Web Services and Web Services Composition • Web Services Enabling Technologies • Issues in Composition of Web Services • Web Service Composition • SCET System Architecture • Composition Representation • Discovery of Services • Process Specification • Process Execution • Performance Analysis • Simulation • Conclusions and Future Work

  3. Introduction • Definition of Web Service • A Web service is a software application identified by a URI, whose interfaces and binding** are capable of being defined, described and discovered by XML artifacts and supports direct interactions with other software applications using XML based messages via Internet-based protocols. (W3C definition) • Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) Service Registry Find Publish Service Provider Service Requestor Bind • **- An association between an Interface, a concrete protocol and a data format

  4. Introduction (contd.) • Web Services Allow • to reuse software components using a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) • to integrate distributed applications • to create loosely-coupled applications (as Web services are based on message passing paradigm) • Restriction • Individual services offer only limited capabilities • Full Potential of SOA • We need to compose existing services to create new functionality processes

  5. Web Service Composition • Is the task of combining and linking existing Web services to create new Web processes • It adds value to the collection of services, by orchestrating them according to the requirement of the problem • Types of Composition • Static Composition - services to be composed are decided at design time • Dynamic Composition - services to be composed are decided at run-time

  6. Web Services Usage Scenarios Service Requestor Service Broker Individual Service Invocation Remote Web Service Repository (SOAP) Search Web Service Lookup (UDDI) SOAP Invoke WS Invoke Composite Service Execution WSFL Service Providers Compose Abstract Process Search (SOAP) Remote Web service (WSDL) Publish Web Services Web Service Lookup (SOAP) Remote Web service Execute Compose Concrete Process Remote Web service Execute

  7. Web Services Enabling Technologies • XML Messaging • Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) -is an XML Messaging Protocol that allows software running on disparate operating systems and different environments to make Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) • Web Services Description • Web Service Description Language (WSDL) – is a language that defines the interface of a Web service, required for interaction between a requester and a service provider • Web Services Registry • Universal Description, Discovery and Integration (UDDI) serves as a “business and service” registryessential for the widespread use of Web services • Web Service Composition • WSFL, XLANG, BPEL4WS, DAML-S are some of the XML languages that have been proposed for specifying a Web service composition

  8. Issues in Web Service Composition • Representation of a Abstract Web Process • Representing/specifying the abstract process in a proper form • Discovery and Interoperability of Services • Need to manually or automatically search for appropriate services • The discovered services should interoperate • Process Execution • Adopting a suitable technique for executing the composed concrete process • Process Monitoring • Using a monitoring technique for run time analysis of the Web process execution • Efficiency of a Composed Web Process • Need to compose processes which are efficient in terms of performance

  9. “BarnesBookPurchase” Process Scenario ISBN, Email Id., ID price, id isbn price

  10. SCET (Service Composition and Execution Tool) • SCET Allows • to compose services statically by modeling the process as a digraph in a graphical designer • stores the process description as WSFL based specification • allows execution of the composed process using Perl • supports a simple execution monitoring feature • supports performance estimation using JSIM simulation

  11. System Architecture

  12. Composition Representation • Similar to Workflow representations, a Web Process in SCET is represented as a digraph consisting of • Activities • Represent tasks involved in the process • Each activity stores information about the Web service implementing the task (WSDL File Location, Operation, Input Message, Output Message etc.,) • Control Links • Specify the control flow (sequencing conditions) within the process • Currently, SCET supports XOR splits** in the process specification ** An XOR split represents a point in the process, where based on the control flow, one of the several outgoing branches is chosen

  13. Composition Representation (contd.) • Data Links • Specify the flow of information between activities • Data Routing (SCET) • Routes the output data of a Web service to the input of another Web service without modifying the data • Data Mapping (Future Work) • Maps the output of the first Web service to a subsequent Web service by applying a transformation function (e.g. indexing in an array, extracting a particular field, etc.) WS1 WS2 Data

  14. Discovery of Services • The Web service which is to implement an activity needs to be discovered • Static Discovery of Web Services (SCET) • Composer manually discovers the services from service repositories (e.g., UDDI registry, ebXML registry, Web sites ) • Interoperability between services • Data Routing • The user specifies which Web service’s output needs to be routed to which Web service’s input (as done in SCET using data links) • Data Mapping • The user can provide adapters which transforms the output of a Web service into a form that can be consumed by the input of another Web service • SCET can be enhanced to provide this adapter feature for performing data mapping

  15. Discovery of Services • Dynamic Discovery of Web Services (Future Work) • Automated service discovery from Web service registries • Registries need to provide semantic information about services • Support for dynamic negotiation of costs, service level agreements and contracts etc., • Interoperability between services • Data Routing & Data Mapping • Requires understanding the semantics of the service’s inputs and outputs in order to automate the interoperability of discovered services

  16. Service Composition Designer

  17. Web Service Flow Language (WSFL) • SCET uses WSFL for specifying processes • WSFL is IBM’s XML language for describing Web Services Composition • We have extended WSFL to include QoS specification such as time, cost and reliability • Constructs • Activity Elements • Message Elements QoS specification (time,cost,reliability)

  18. WSFL (contd.) Web service information • Service Provider Elements • Control Link Elements • Data Link Elements Conditional Branching Data Routing

  19. Process Execution • Centralized approach (SCET) • The services involved in the process are coordinated by a centralized scheduler • Advantage • Suitable where coordination between Web services is difficult to be achieved • Easy to implement • Disadvantage • Creates bottle neck at the coordinator as all messages need to propagate back and forth between the controller and other services • Distributed approach • The entities participating in a composite service execution coordinate among themselves C WS1 WS3 WS2 C WS1 WS2 WS3

  20. Process Execution (contd.) Perl Web Service Invocation Block • Languages for Execution • Perl (SOAP::Lite), Python, Ruby, Java, C# • In SCET, Perl Execution Code Generator converts the WSFL based specification to Perl Execution Code • Traverses the WSFL process specification (JDOM XML parsing) and converts • each activity element to a Perl Web service invocation block • each control linkelement to an ‘if’ control statement in Perl • each data linkelement to an ‘assignment’ statement (Data Routing)

  21. Performance Analysis • Performance evaluation of Web services can help implementers understand the behavior of the activities in a composed process • Web services performance evaluation techniques • Time Analysis • Load Analysis • Process Execution Monitoring

  22. Performance Analysis (contd.) • Time Analysis Time taken by a Web service invocation has three components: • Message Delay Time(M) • Waiting Time (W) • Service Time(S) • T(σ) = M(σ) + W(σ) + S(σ), where σ is a Web service • Performing tests to measure the above components for each service involved in a process will indicate a measure of their efficiency

  23. Performance Analysis (contd.) • Load Analysis • Performed by gradually loading each Web service involved in the process, and then measuring their invocation times • After a certain load point, the performance of the Web service will start degrading. • This point is the load range to which the Web service is able to perform effectively

  24. Performance Analysis (contd.) • Process Execution Monitoring • Monitoring the total number of Web service invocations present at a host will help in analyzing the process • SCET is capable of visually displaying the expected number of Web service invocations present in Web service σ’s host (represented by Ln(σ) ) Ln(σ) = W(σn) + S(σn)Sn(σ) = ∑ (T(σi) – M(σi)) n ¯ i=1 Sn(σ) ¯ n Communication between Perl Code and Java Designer Java SCET Designer Perl Execution Controller Java RMI Server Java RMI Client

  25. Performance Analysis (contd.) • Difficulties in Conducting Performance Analysis Tests • For conducting performance analysis tests, we require the Web services to be managed by the composer • If the services involved are real world services (e.g., Flight Booking Service), then performance analysis by conducting real tests is not feasible • To overcome these problems, Simulation could be used as an alternative technique to do performance estimation

  26. Simulation • Simulation helps in determining how composed Web services will perform under various hypothetical conditions • Simulation can provide feedback on the process that was composed allowing the composer to modify his process design by • Replacing services which do not satisfy the expected simulation service time means, with better Web services • Modifying the process structure (control flow) based on the simulation runs SCET Process Composition Execution WSFL JSIM Model Simulation Model Generator JSIM Simulation Feedback from Simulation

  27. Simulation (contd.) • The JSIM simulation model takes as input the service time distribution and the mean service time for each activity involved in the process • The Simulation Model Generator of SCET converts the WSFL based specification into JSIM Model • As both WSFL process and JSIM Model are represented as digraph the mapping is done as follows WSFL process JSIM Model Facility Activity Control Links Transports Execution Simulation Entity

  28. Simulation (contd.) JSIM Simulation Statistical Simulation Results

  29. Conclusion • Issues and Problems • Static composition • Users need to discover services manually analyzing the Web service descriptions provided by the service provider • Dynamic composition • Dynamic discovery requires Web service Descriptions and Web service registries need to provide more semantic description • Control Flow and Data Flow Among Services • Need to support control flow constructs such as XOR splits, XOR joins, AND splits, AND joins, and WHILE loops in the process composition • In static compositions the composer manually specifies the Data Routing/Mapping between services, while in dynamic compositions the machine has to automate this task

  30. Conclusion (contd.) • Process Execution and Performance Estimation • Processes need to be executed and their performance needs to be estimated • Results from Test bed Studies • Development of the SCET prototype, which isused to represent and specify service composition in WSFL • Enhanced WSFL to include QoS attributes, for the activities in the process • Implemented the centralized process execution model using Perl, providing simple process execution monitoring feature • Time Analysis approaches for estimating the efficiency of the process have been explored • Simulation has been used as an alternative technique to analyze a process under various conditions

  31. Future Work • SCET needs to be enhanced to support dynamic composition • BPEL4WS is a newly proposed composition standard for Web services. SCET needs to be enhanced to support BPEL4WS • SCET currently supports only XOR Splits. It needs to be improved to support AND Splits and AND Joins • Data links in the process currently provide only Data Routing functionality. Data Mapping feature has to be included with Data links • Need to improve the Perl execution code generator, which is currently capable of handling only services which return primitive data types

  32. References • A. Ankolekar, M. Burstein, J. Hobbs, O. Lassila, D. Martin, S. McIlraith, S. Narayanan, M. Paolucci, T. Payne, K. Sycara, and H. Zeng, “DAML-S: Semantic Markup for Web Services”, in Proceedings of the International Semantic Web Working Symposium, Stanford, CA, 2001. • D. Austin, A. Barbin, C. Ferris, and S. Garg. Web Services Architecture Requirements. http://www.w3c.org/TR/wsa-reqs, 2002. • B. Benatallah, M. Dumas, M-C. Fauvet, and F. Rabhi, “Towards Patterns of Web Services Composition”. in S. Gorlatch and F. Rabhi (Eds): "Patterns and Skeletons for Parallel and Distributed Computing". Springer Verlag (UK), 2002. • B. Benatallah, M. Dumas, Q. Sheng, and A. Ngu, “Declarative Composition and Peer-to-Peer Provisioning of Dynamic Web Services”, in Proceedings of the International IEEE Conference on Data Engineering, San Jose, CA. (in press), 2002. • T. Berners-Lee, J. Handler, and O. Lassila, “The Semantic Web”, Scientific American. http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=00048144-10D2-1C70-84A9809EC588EF21, May 2001. • J. Cardoso, J. Miller, A. Sheth, and J. Arnold, “Modeling Quality of Service for Workflows and Web Service Processes”, in The VLDB Journal (submitted), 2002. • J. Cardoso, and A. Sheth, “Semantic e-Workflow Composition”, in Journal of Intelligent Information Systems (submitted), 2002. • J. Cardoso, A. Sheth, and J. Miller, “Workflow Quality of Service”, in International Conference on Enterprise Integration and Modeling Technology and International Enterprise Modeling Conference, Valencia, Spain, Kluwer Publishers (to appear), 2002. • F. Casati, S. Ilnicki, L. Jin, V. Krishnamoorthy, and M. Shan, “Adaptive and Dynamic Service Composition in eFlow”, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden, June 2000. • S. Chandrasekaran, G. Silver, J. Miller, J. Cardoso, and A. Sheth, “Web Service Technologies and their Synergy with Simulation” in Proceedings of the 2002 Winter Simulation Conference, San Diego, CA. (to appear), December 2002.

  33. References • E. Christensen, F. Curbera, G. Meredith, and S. Weerawarana, “Web Services Description Language (WSDL) 1.1.”, http://www.w3.org/TR/wsdl, 2001. • M. Colan, “An Overview of Web Services”, http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/webservices, 2001. • F. Curbera, Y. Goland, J. Klein, F. Leymann, D. Roller, S. Thatte, and S. Weerawarana, “Business Process Execution Language for Web Services”, http://msdn.microsoft.com/webservices/default.asp?pull=/library/en-us/dnbiz2k2/html/bpel1-0.asp, 2002. • A. Daniel, and A. Virgilio, “Capacity Planning for Web Services: metrics, models, and methods”, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 2001. • M. Evans, N. Hastings, and J. Peacock, “Statistical Distributions”, 3rd. Ed., John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2000. • D. Fensel, “Ontologies: Silver Bullet for Knowledge Management and Electronic Commerce”, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2001. • D. Fensel, and C. Bussler, “The Web Service Modeling Framework WSMF”, http://www.cs.vu.nl/~dieter/ftp/paper/wsmf.pdf, 2002. • D. Florescu, A. Grunhagen, and D. Kossman, “XL: An XML Programming Language for Web Service Specification and Composition”, in Proceedings of the Eleventh International World Wide Webconference, Honolulu, HI, 2002. • D. Harel, “State Charts: A Visual Formalism for Complex Systems”, Science of Computer Programming, Vol. 8, pp. 231-274, 1987. • R. Jonathan, L. Joe, and S. David, “XML Query Language (XQL)”, http://www.w3.org/TandS/QL/QL98/pp/xql.html, 1998. • M. Klein, and A. Bernstein, “Searching for Services on the Semantic Web Using Process Ontologies”, in The Emerging Semantic Web - Selected papers from the first Semantic Web Working Symposium, Isabel C., Decker S., Euzenat J., and McGuinness D. Eds. Amsterdam: IOS press, 2002, pp. 159-172.

  34. References • K. Kochut, A. Sheth, and J. Miller, “Optimizing Workflow”, in Component Strategies, Vol. 1, No. 9, pp. 45-57 (SIGS Publications Inc), 1999. • P. Kulchenko, “SOAP::Lite for Perl”, http://www.soaplite.com, 2002. • F. Leymann, “Web service flow language (WSFL) 1.0”, http://www-4.ibm.com/software/solutions/webservices/pdf/WSFL.pdf, 2001. • J. Miller, J. Cardoso, and G. Silver, “Using Simulation to Facilitate Effective Workflow Adaptation”, in Proceedings of 35th Annual Simulation Symposium, San Diego, CA, 2002, pp. 177-181. • J. Miller, R. Nair, Z. Zhang, and H. Zhao, “JSIM: A Java-based Simulation and Animation Environment”, in Proceedings of the 30th Annual Simulation Symposium, Atlanta, GA, 1997, pp. 31-42. • J. Miller, D. Palaniswami, A. Sheth, K. Kochut, and H. Singh, “WebWork: METEOR's Web-based Workflow Management System”, in Journal of the Intelligent Information Management Systems, vol. 10-2: pp. 185-215, 1998. • J. Miller, A. Sheth, K. Kochut, X. Wang, and A. Murugan, “Simulation Modeling within Workflow Technology”, in Proceedings of the 1995 Winter Simulation Conference, Arlington, Virginia, 1995, pp. 612-619. • J. Miller, A. Sheth, K. Kochut, and X. Wang, “Corba-Based Run-Time Architectures for Workflow Management Systems” in Journal of Database Management, Special Issue on Multidatabases, vol. 7-1, pp. 16-27, 1996. • R. Nair, J. Miller, and Z. Zhang, “JSIM: A Java-based Query Driven Simulation Environment”, in Proceedings of the 1996 Winter Simulation Conference, Coronado CA, 1996, pp. 786-793. • S. Narayanan, and S. Mcllraith, “Simulation, Verification and Automated Composition of Web Services”, in Proceedings of the Eleventh International World Wide Web Conference, Honolulu, HI, 2002. • M. Paolucci, T. Kawamura, T. Payne, and K. Sycara, “Semantic Matching of Web Services Capabilities”, in Proceedings of the First International Semantic Web Conference. Sardinia, Italia, 2002. • C. Petri, “Kommunickation mit Automaten”, PhD thesis, Institut fur instrumentelle Mathematik, Bonn, 1962. • G. Piccinelli, “Service Provision and Composition in Virtual Business Communities”, Technical Report HPL-1999-84, Hewlett-Packard, http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/1999/HPL-1999-84.html, 1999. • R. Shankar, and F. Armando, “SWORD: A Developer Toolkit for Web Service Composition”, in Proceedings of the Eleventh International World Wide Web Conference, Honolulu, HI, 2002.

  35. References • A. Sheth, K. Kochut, J. Miller, D. Worah, S. Das, C. Lin, J. Lynch, D. Palaniswami, and I. Shevchenko, “Supporting State-wide Immunization Tracking using Multi-paradigm Workflow Technology”, in Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Very Large Databases, Bombay, India, 1996, pp. 263-273. • S. Sipani, K. Verma, S. Chandrasekaran, X. Zeng, J. Zhu, D. Che, and K. Wong, “Designing an XML Database Engine: API and Performance”, in Proceedings of the 40th Annual Southeast ACM Conference, Raleigh, NC, 2002, pp. 239-245. • H. Stormer, “Task Scheduling in Agent-Based Workflows”, in Proceedings of the International ICSC Symposium on Multi-Agents and Mobile Agents in Virtual Organizations and E-Commerce, Wollongong, Australia, 2001. • D. Sugalski, “Tutorial on Threads in Perl”, http://www.xav.com/perl/lib/Pod/perlthrtut.html, 1999. • D. Tidwell, “Web Services – The Web’s Next Revolution”, http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/webservices, 2000. • S. Thatte, “XLANG: Web Services for Business Process Design”, http://www.gotdotnet.com/team/xml_wsspecs/xlang-c/default.htm, 2001. • D. Waldt, and R. Drummond, "EBXML: The Global Standard for Electronic Business", http://www.ebxml.org/presentations/global_standard.htm, 2001. • W. Van der Aalst, V. Hee, and G. Houben, “Modelling Workflow Management Systems with High-level Petri Nets”, in Proceedings of the second Workshop on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Petrinets and related formalisms, 1994, pp 31-50. • J. Yang, and M. Papazoglou, “Web Components: A Substrate for Web Service Reuse and Composition”, in Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering, Toronto, Canada, 2002.

  36. Web Service Message Protocol - SOAP • SOAP is a lightweight protocol for exchange of information in a decentralized, distributed environment. It is an XML based protocol that consists of three parts: an envelope that defines a framework for describing what is in a message and how to process it, a set of encoding rules for expressing instances of application-defined datatypes, and a convention for representing remote procedure calls and responses. Header Body

  37. WSFL Based Process specification Message definitions Statically configured Service Providers Activity definitions

  38. WSFL Based Process specification(contd.) ControlLink definitions DataLink definitions

  39. Perl Process Execution Code BarnesGetPrice Web service Invocation CheckCredit Web service Invocation CheckInventory Web service Invocation

  40. Perl Process Execution Code (contd.)

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