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History of Ethics

A Brief of The History of Ethics

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History of Ethics

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  1. History of Ethics Prepared by: MOSAB SUBLABN Student no: 2020512118 mosab.rmsublabn@ogr.deu.edu.tr

  2. Contents • What is ETHICS ? • Brief history of ethics . • Main philosophers of Ethics. • The schools of Ethics. • Main Islam philosophers of Ethics. • Overview of History of Ethics. • References.

  3. What is ETHICS? • Ethics is the discipline concerned with what is morally good and bad, and morally right and wrong. • It is the study of moral phenomena, investigating the nature of morality and the principles that govern the moral evaluation of con • Ethics distinguishes between good and evil, right and wrong human actions, and virtuous and nonvirtuous characteristics of people duct, character traits, and institutions.

  4. A brief History of Ethics The moral and ethical theories that engineers apply are derived from a Western cultural tradition. They come from the ancient Greeks (Greek ethos)and ancient religious thinking and writing.

  5. A brief History of Ethics The Greek philosophers with the greatest influence are Socrates and Aristotle. Started in Greece and spread throughout Europe and the Middle East during the height of the Roman Empire.

  6. A brief History of Ethics

  7. Main philosophers of Ethics. • SOCRATES • PLATO • ARISTOTLE • HOBBES • IMMANUEL KANT

  8. SOCRATES • SOCRATES is the founder of Science of Ethics (469-399 B.C.) -Virtue is knowledge -He who knows must act accordingly -No one voluntarily follows evil -Only by self-knowledge can freedom be acquired

  9. PLATO • Students of Socrates, Socratic schools of thought. • He defined the mortal body and immortal soul. • He defined the social good and individual good and their relationships. (427-347 B.C.) -The four cardinal virtues belonging to the State: Wisdom, Fortitude, Justice, and Temperance -Justice is the highest virtue and it includes all other

  10. ARISTOTLE • He defined the Political Science. (384-322) -Social good is above the individual good -Pleasure is the primary and natural and at which very sensible being aims

  11. HOBBES • The founder of modern Ethics, an Egoistic Naturalist. • Hobbes' doctrine is exclusive egoism. (1588-1679) -Man is the wolf of man

  12. IMMANUEL KANT • Is the most important name in modern ethics. (1724-1804) -The morality of an action depends only on the motive and is independent of the effects on the person doing it or on others -A conflict of duties is impossible -Motive determines the morality of the actions; not the effects

  13. The Schools of Ethics NATURALIZM Ethical ideas arise from natural laws INTUITIIONSM Ethical ideas and obligations are intuitive

  14. Main Islam philosophers of Ethics. • FARABI (ALPHARABIUS) • IBN-I SINA (AVICENNA) • GHAZALI (IMAM GHAZALI)

  15. FARABI (ALPHARABIUS) • He is accepted as the founder of ''Islam Philosophy‘’ • He was also a scientist, astronomer, mathematician and music theorist. • In his treatment of the human soul, he says it is composed of Four faculties: 1) The appetitive. 2) the sensitive . 3) the imaginative. 4) the rational (872-950) -The ultimate end in life is happiness -The thing which provides the man with happiness is the knowledge of God

  16. IBN-I SINA (AVICENNA) • He is accepted as the "Father of Medicine" today. • He was mainly a medical doctor but at the same time an astronomer, mathematician, and philosopher. • He wrote several books on philosophy, the most significant was "Kitab al Shifa"(The Book of Healing). (980-1037) -The essence of morality is to engild ourselves through goodness to reach God

  17. GHAZALI (IMAM GHAZALI) • Ghazali is known as an «occasionalist» philosopher. • Ghazali can also be accepted as a precursor of Intuitionism. (1058-1111) -Morality only means a methodology to worship God -Gad is the only creator of every living or non-living thing in the universe

  18. Overview of The History of Ethics ❖ Classical antiquity • From myth to logos • Origins of western philosophy ❖ The renaissance • Printing • Reformation • Humanism • Man, history, nature ❖ Middle ages • Union of philosophy and theology • Faith and knowledge • Universities ❖ The 17th Century • Modern territorial states • Rationalists • Natural Law • Mathematical and natural research

  19. Overview of The History of Ethics • ❖ Enlightenment • American Revolution • Age of reason • Civil and political law • Rejection – traditional authority • Scientific development ❖ The 20th century and postmodernism • Age of extremes • Communism and Fascism • World of wars • “Borderless world” • Relativity and quantum theories • Environment • ❖ The 19th century • European nation-states • Materialism • Industrial revolution • Evolution theory • Natural vs. human sciences

  20. References • Fledderman, Ch. (2014). Engineering Ethics. International Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall. • Online Ethics Center • A Short History of Ethics, Alasdair MacIntyre. • NCPH (National Council on Public History. • OHA (Oral History Association. • www.wikipedia.org • Googleimages.com

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