29 CFR 1910.146

1. 29 CFR 1910.146 CONFINED SPACE ENTRY Awareness Training By: Chaizong Lor, Safety Coordinator Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

2. Definitions of Confined Space Entry Confined Space Entry on Campus Potential Hazards in Confined Space Oxygen Rich or Deficiency Flammability and Explosion Toxic and Irritant Exposures Physical Hazards Entry Permit Non-permit Confined Space Permit-Required Confined Space Re-classification of Confined Space Air Monitoring Prior to entry Air Monitoring During entry Ventilating Confined Spaces Entering Procedures Duties of entry supervisor Duties of Entrant Duties of Attendant FM Rescue Plan Contractor Summary Confined Space Entry • Training Objectives: Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

3. Definitions • A space that: • Is large enough and so configured that an employee can enter bodily and perform work. • Has limited or restricted means of entry or exit. • Is not designed for continuous human occupancy. • Entry • The act by which a person intentionally passes through an opening into a permit required confined space. • Any part of the body passing through the opening is considered entry. Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

4. Definitions Cont. • Entrant • A person who enters into confined space. • Attendant • A person who stays with the entrant outside the confined space. • Responsible for assisting the entrant in exiting the confined space. • Calling for emergency assistance when necessary. Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

5. Elevator Shaft Boilers Pits Manholes Sewers Tunnels Pipes Cooling Tower Confined Space Entry on Campus Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

6. Potential Hazards in Confined Space • Both animal and plant life require oxygen to live. One of the primary hazards of entering confined space is “OXYGENDeficiency” O2 O2 Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

7. O2 CO2 Oxygen Rich or Deficiency • If Oxygen is below 19.5%, it is said to be oxygen deficient and is not safe. • If Oxygen is above 23.5%, it is considered to be oxygen rich and is also not safe. • Oxygen Deficiency is caused by: • Work Being Done such as: • Welding, cutting, or brazing. • Oxygen being diluted by another gas such as Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen • Resulting from fire suppression. • Certain chemical reactions with other materials to make other compounds • Rusting or paint drying Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

8. Flammability & Explosion • Risk is greater if any of the following conditions exists: • Oxygen concentration >23.5% by volume. • Flammable vapor or gas concentration greater than 10% Lower Explosion Limit (LEL). • LEL: Minimum concentration (% vol.) below which propagation of flame does not occur in the presence of an ignition source. Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

9. Toxic and Irritant Exposures • Substances May Include: • Liquids, Vapors, Gases, Particulates, Mists, Solid Materials. • Products May Include: • Sludge, Chemical Residues, Waste Materials. • Causes of Toxic & Irritant atmospheres: • Vapors and gases from previously stored materials and degreasing solvents. • Particulates and mists from cutting and painting operations. • Fumes and vapors from various cleaning solvents used in a cleaning operations. Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

10. Physical Hazards • Entry and Exit: • Openings may be small or constricted. • Machinery and Equipment: • Improper lockout/tagout of equipment could cause serious injuries. • Electrical Hazards: • Tools that are not grounded or properly insulated could cause electrocution & accident start-ups. • Walking/Working Surfaces & Visibility: • Poor lighting may add to hazards caused by an irregular, sloped, or constricted working surface. • Noise and Vibration: • Noise from equipment can be intensified in some confined space. Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

11. Physical Hazards Cont. • Engulfment Hazards • Loose, granular material stored in holds or tanks such as: • Sand, coal, or similar material, can engulf and suffocate an employee. • Surfaces that are crusted or bridged over may break loose under the weight of a worker. • Flooding of confined space. • Water or sewage flow. Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

12. Entry Permit • The Entry Permit is the written or printed document that is provided by the employer to allow and control entry into a permit space and that contains the information specified by performance standards. Please refer to FM Space Entry Permit Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

13. Appendix C Confined Space Entry Permit • q Permit Requiredq Re-Classify as Non-Permit Requiredq Non-Permit Required • GENERAL INFORMATION (Note: This permit will remain at the jobsite until job is completed. After completion of entry, return this permit to shop supervisor and he/she will maintain this copy in shop files and forward a photocopy to Safety Coordinator). • (Location & Description of Confined Space) (Purpose of Entry) • / a.m./p.m / • (Authorized Entrant(s)) / (Authorized Attendant(s)) (Scheduled Expiration) / (Start Date) • / a.m/p.m./ a.m./p.m. • (Authorized Entry Supervisor) / (Department) (Time Started) / (Time Completed) Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

14. Non-Permit Confined Space • For non-hazardous confined space work. • Permit not required if it can be proven that hazards can be ELIMINATED OR REMOVED through the following preventive measures: • Ventilation of space • Forced air feed • Lockout/Tagout Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

15. Permit-Required Confined Space • Confined space that has one or more of the following characteristics: • Contains or has a potential to contain hazardous atmospheres. • Contains hazardous or potentially hazardous confined space work. • Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant. • Has an internal configuration such that an entrant could become trapped or asphyxiated. • Contains any other serious safety or health hazard. Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

16. Reclassification of Confined Space • A space may be reclassified as a Non-permit confined space under the following conditions: • If no actual or potential atmospheric hazards exist. • If all hazards can be eliminated without entry into the space. • If it is necessary to enter to eliminating a hazard, air monitoring should be completed to test for oxygen levels, flammability, and for sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and any other suspected or known atmospheric hazard. Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

17. Air Monitoring Prior to Entry • Use equipment of sufficient sensitivity and specificity to identify and evaluate any hazardous atmospheres that may exist. • Check for Oxygen content: • At least 19.5% and less than 23.5%. • Check for Combustibles: • Less than 10% of the LEL. • Check for Toxic Gases: • Most commonly carbon monoxide (PEL <35 ppm) • Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) less than 10ppm • Others Substances must be less than PEL. Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

18. Air Monitoring During Entry • Test the air at various levels to be sure that the entire space is safe. • Never trust your senses to determine if the air in a confined space is safe. • Your senses cannot see/smell many toxic gases & vapors, & cannot determine the level of oxygen present. • Entrants must periodically monitor the confined space for toxic gases, oxygen, & combustible gases. Good Air Methane (Lighter than Air) Carbon Monoxide (Same as Air) Poor Air Hydrogen Sulfide (Heavier than Air) Deadly Air Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

19. Air Monitoring During Entry Cont. • Carry the monitoring devices into the space to detect changes in oxygen content or the presence of flammable and/or toxic gases. • Continue monitoring throughout the entry to ensure that atmospheric conditions remain within the acceptable limits. • Entrants must leave the space immediately if atmospheric conditions develop that are outside the acceptable limits. Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

20. Ventilating Confined Spaces • The space must be mechanically ventilated to acceptable levels before entry: • Use of an air blower is required to ensure acceptable environmental conditions. • Place the air blower intake sufficiently upwind or away from the entry point to prevent mixing of the intake air with exhausted air. Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

21. Ventilating Confined Spaces • Direct the forced air ventilation to ventilate the immediate areas where any entrant is or will be present within the space. • Continue forced air ventilation until all entrants have left the space. Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

22. Entering Procedures • If air test in the confined space is within acceptable conditions, the authorized entrants may enter the confined space. • The attendant shall retest the air periodically while the employees are in the confined space. • If air tests are not acceptable, the attendant will order entrant out of the confined space. • The authorized entrant must stay in touch with the attendant by sight and/or maintain verbal communication throughout the work. • Attendant and Entrant can be rotated if they are both trained and authorized. • A written record of the pre-entry test results will be made on the confined space entry permit and kept at the work site for the duration of the job. Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

23. Entering Procedures Cont. • Once work in the confined space is completed: • Ensure that all workers and all equipment are out of the confined space. • Remove any ventilation devices. • Close the access cover to the confined space. • Remove locks/tags from devices locked out and re-energize the equipment. • Return all canceled permits to the immediate or entry supervisor. Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

24. Duties of Entry Supervisor • Know the hazards which may be faced during entry. • Make sure entry permit is completed before authorizing or allowing entry. • Make sure the necessary procedures, practices, and equipment for safe entry are in effect before allowing entry. Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

25. Duties of Entry Supervisor Cont. • Determine that entry operations remain consistent and that acceptable entry conditions are maintained. • Take the necessary actions when terminating an entry operation, such as closing off a permit space and canceling the permit, once the work authorized by the permit has been completed. Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

26. Duties of Entrant • Complete training as required for confined space entry and comply with the confined space entry procedures. • Recognize potential permit space hazards, including information on the signs, symptoms, and consequences of exposure. • Communicate with the attendant to: • Enable the attendant to monitor entrant status • Enable the attendant to alert entrants of the need to evacuate the space if necessary. Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

27. Duties of Entrant Cont. • Use proper equipment, which includes: • Atmospheric testing and monitoring equipment. • Ventilation equipment needed to obtain acceptable entry conditions. • Communication equipment necessary to maintain contact with the authorized attendant. • Personal protective equipment, as needed. • Lighting equipment, as needed. • Barriers and shields, as needed. Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

28. Duties of Entrant Cont. • Understand emergency procedures in case of an accident in a confined space. • Alert the attendant and exit the space whenever: • The entrant recognizes any warning signs or symptoms of dangerous exposure. • The entrant detects a condition prohibited by the permit. • The entrant perceives there is danger. • Exit the space also whenever: • The attendant orders evacuation. • An evacuation alarm is activated. Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

29. Duties of Attendant • Remain outside the permit space at all times during entry operation or until relieved by another attendant. • Recognize potential permit space hazards, including information on the signs, symptoms, and consequences of exposure. • Communicate with authorized entrants to monitor entrant status and alert the entrant. Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

30. Duties of Attendant Cont. • Monitor activities inside/outside the permit space. • Order the authorized entrants to evacuate the permit space immediately under any of the following condition: • The attendant detects a prohibited condition. • The attendant detects the behavioral effects of hazard exposure in an authorized entrant. • The attendant detects a situation outside the space that could endanger the authorized entrants. Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

31. Duties of Attendant Cont. • Summon rescue and other emergency services as soon as the attendant determines that escape is required from the space hazards: • Warn unauthorized persons away from the permit space. • Request unauthorized persons to exit immediately if they have entered the permit space. • Inform the entry supervisor if unauthorized persons have entered the permit space. Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

32. FM Rescue Plan • Use a telephone or 2-way radio to contact the FM office and/or call 9-911for emergency services. • When calling for emergency services, be prepared to provide the following information: • Identify the location as a “Permit-required” confined space. • The specific location of the space (building and room number). • The nature and details of the emergency situation. • The types of hazards that are present in the space. • Do not enter the confined space until help arrives. Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

33. Contractor Work in FM Permit-Required Confined Space • Shop supervisor must inform the contractor that: • The workplace contains permit spaces that can only be entered by use of code compliant permit space program. • The characteristics make the space a permit space. • Any precautions or procedures that FM has implemented to protect employees in or near the permit spaces where the contractor will be working. Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

34. Contractor Cont. • Contractor shall have a confined space entry procedure that meets OSHA requirements, and also: • Obtain any information from FM regarding permit space hazards and entry operations. • Inform FM of the permit space program that the contractor will follow and of any hazards they confront or create. • When both FM and contractor employees will be working in or near permit spaces, entry operations must be coordinated between FM and the contractor. Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

35. Summary • Follow safety procedures before entry. • Identify and evaluate any hazardous atmospheres that may exist in the confined space before entry. • Attendant shall retest the air periodically while the employees are in the confined space. • Contact entry supervisor when in doubt. Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

36. Confined Space Quiz • A confined space means a space that: a. Is large enough that an employee can enter and perform work b. Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit c. Is not designed for continuous human occupancy d. All of the above. • A permit-required confined space may be reclassified as a non-permit confined space under the following conditions: a. All hazards within the space cannot be eliminated b. All hazards within the space can be eliminated without entry into the space c. Both a & b d. None of the above Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

37. 3. Which are examples of permit space hazards? a. Hazardous atmosphere, engulfment, electrocution, and heat stress. b. Storage tanks, pits, silos, tunnels, sewers, shafts, and exhaust ducts. c. Both a & b d. None of the above. 4. The acceptable oxygen level range for confined spaces set by OSHA is: a. 17.5% to 23.5% b. 19.5% to 22% c. 19.5% to 23.5% d. None of the above Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

38. 5. The primary hazard of entering a confined space is: a. Equipment related to hazards b. Conditions changing from non-hazardous to hazardous c. Oxygen Deficiency d. Electrical, mechanical, and chemical hazards 6. The entrant must constantly monitor the confined space for three primary hazards: a. Wet surface, falling objects, & engulfment b. Oxygen deficiency, combustible gases, & toxic gases. c. Consumption, displacement, and reaction d. None of the above Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

39. 7. Why do you always need to test air at various levels: a. To guard an un-authorized person b. To be sure that the entire space is safe c. To be sure the entrant leaves the confined space as soon as possible d. All of the above • If a hazardous atmosphere is detected during entry, what should you do? a. Leave the space immediately b. Try to finish the work as soon as possible c. Both a & b d. None of the above Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

40. True/False If conditions are safe before anyone enters a permit space, they will stay safe throughout the work. • True/False If ventilation is needed, it should be started just before the space is entered. Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

41. Confined Space Entry Answers to Quiz • D • B • A • C • C • B • B • A • F • F Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire

42. Any Questions ?? Please visit FM Website (http://www.uwec.edu/facmgt/safety/traininglist.htm) for additional information. Revision Dated: May 24th, 2012 Facilities Management UW-Eau Claire