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Effects of Chocolate Milk on MTBI in Youth Football Athletes

This project report investigates the effects of a chocolate milk product on mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) in youth football athletes. The study aims to examine the potential benefits of chocolate milk in cognitive and movement control after MTBI. The research site is the Neuromechanics Laboratory at the University of Maryland. The study involves high school football players from seven schools in Washington Co., MD. The experimental design incorporates a repeated-measures design with a focus on pre-season vs. post-season assessment and a comparison between a milk group and a non-milk group. The results will provide insights into the potential of chocolate milk as a post-injury recovery drink for MTBI in youth football athletes.

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Effects of Chocolate Milk on MTBI in Youth Football Athletes

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  1. MIPS Project ReportEffects of a Chocolate Milk Product on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (MTBI) in Youth Football Athletes

  2. INTRODUCTION

  3. Background • MTBI, also known as concussion, is a type of traumatic brain injury caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head that causes negative consequences to brain function, specifically, in cognition and movement control by the brain. MTBI can also occur from a blow to the body that causes the head and brain to move back and forth, which is often observed in almost all sports. • Sports are associated with incredibly high numbers of MTBI incidents, especially in youth and collegial sports. • MTBIs in children and young athletes can cause serious health-related issues, such as memory lapses and brain swelling, which can sometimes lead to fatal consequences. Institute of Medicine estimates that the MTBI risk for males in football is about 75% and the risk for females in soccer is about 50%.

  4. Background • Because of the importance of BCAAs in energy metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis in the brain, previous studies investigated the effects of the intravenous supplementation (Aquilani et al. 2005) and dietary supplementation of BCAAs (Cole et al. 2010) on the cognition of patients with brain injuries and observed the improved cognition in the injured patients with the supplementation. • Previous studies showed that mice with brain trauma exhibited faster improvement in cognitive function following the oral consumption of BCAAs immediately after the injury. The efficacy of brain healing following concussions in humans is currently under investigation in the scientific community. In these study, BCAAs are being administered orally to subjects to assess their ability to improve healing. However, the efficacy of the dairy products containing BCAAs has not been studied and is not currently under investigation to our knowledge.

  5. Chocolate Milk • Chocolate milk has been shown to be an effective post-workout recovery drink. Its balance of fast-absorbed and sustained-released proteins provides a quick burst of amino acids followed by a continuous supply over several more hours. Chocolate milk also provides a sustained source of carbohydrates and calcium which are critical for the recovery process after brain injuries. • Fifth Quarter FreshTM (FQF), a natural fat-free chocolate milk recovery drink, was used for this study. • The protein in FQF contains a natural blend of fast absorbed whey protein and sustained release casein protein that are the essential amino acids muscles require for quick muscle repair and muscle fiber building. • FQF is also pasteurized at a normal temperature to preserve all of its amino acids. FQF differs from most protein recovery drinks that use whey products, which are Ultra-High Temperature (UHT) pasteurized and dried at high heat. The high heat damages protein and makes it less absorbable by the body. • FQF also contains higher levels of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium than regular chocolate milk. These electrolytes are critical to helping the body replace lost nutrients and to retain the fluids that are needed for recovery of muscle and brain cells.

  6. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

  7. Research Site & Facilities • The Neuromechanics Laboratory (NML) at the University of Maryland, College Park, conducted the study • The NML (6,500 sqft) is equipped with two Kincom machines; Noraxon 18-channel electromyography system; Kistler, Bertec, and AMTI six-component force plates and load cells; 12-camera Vicon motion capture/analysis system, Visual 3D, and Kwon3D motion analysis systems; electro-goniometers; three treadmills; and a stationary metabolic analysis system. This research space is well equipped with computers and software necessary for data collection and analysis

  8. Participants

  9. Participants & Experimental Design • Subjects • High school football players in Washington Co., MD • 7 schools (n=66, n=62, n=70, n=109, n=68, n=33, n=66; Total=474) • Experimental Design & Statistics • Repeated-measures design • 2-Way Repeated-Measures ANOVA • 1 within-subject factor: Pre-season vs. Post-season • 1 between-subject factor: Milk group vs. Non-milk group • Significance level: p<.10

  10. Tests: High School Football • ImPACT Test • Word Discrimination: Evaluates attentional processes and verbal recognition memory utilizing a word discrimination paradigm • Design Memory: Evaluates attentional processes and visual recognition memory using a design discrimination paradigm • X's and O's: Measures visual working memory as well as visual processing speed and consists of a visual memory paradigm with a distractor task that measures response speed • Symbol Matching: Evaluates visual processing speed, learning and memory • Color Match: Represents a choice reaction time task and also measures impulse control and response inhibition • Three Letter Memory: Measures working memory and visual-motor response speed

  11. RESULTS #1 High School Football Players without Concussion

  12. All Composite Scores

  13. ImPACT: Verbal Memory Composite Score • A higher score indicates better performance on the Verbal Memory Composite • No change in Milk & decrease in No Milk (p=.087): positive result

  14. ImPACT: Visual Memory Composite Score • A higher score indicates better performance on the Visual Memory Composite • Increase in Milk & decrease in No Milk (p=.062): positive result

  15. ImPACT: Processing Speed Composite Score • A higher score indicates better performance on the Processing Speed Composite • No statistical differences

  16. ImPACT: Reaction Time Composite Score • A higher score indicates better performance on the Reaction Time Composite • No statistical differences

  17. ImPACT: Impulse Control Composite Score • A lowerscore indicates better performance on the Impulse Control Composite • No changes in Milk & increase in No Milk (p=.084): positive result

  18. Individual Scoreswith significant statistical interactions

  19. ImPACT: Correct distractors (immediate)

  20. ImPACT: Learning Percent Correct

  21. ImPACT: Correct Distractors (delay)

  22. ImPACT: Delayed Memory Percent Correct

  23. ImPACT: Total Percent Correct

  24. ImPACT: Hits (Immediate)

  25. ImPACT: Correct Distractors (Immediate)

  26. Summary • High school football players who consumed FQF during the season improved their individual ImPACT scores after the season as compared to the players who did not consume FQF: Positive results overall

  27. RESULTS #2 High School Football Players with Concussion

  28. All Composite Scores

  29. ImPACT: Verbal Memory Composite Score • A higher score indicates better performance on the Verbal Memory Composite • No significant differences

  30. ImPACT: Visual Memory Composite Score • A higher score indicates better performance on the Visual Memory Composite • No significant differences

  31. ImPACT: Processing Speed Composite Score • A higher score indicates better performance on the Processing Speed Composite • Significant Group effect: Milk < No Milk (p=0.098)

  32. ImPACT: Reaction Time Composite Score • A higher score indicates better performance on the Reaction Time Composite • No statistical differences

  33. ImPACT: Impulse Control Composite Score • A lowerscore indicates better performance on the Impulse Control Composite • No statistical differences

  34. Individual Scoreswith significant statistical interactions

  35. ImPACT: Hits (Immediate)

  36. ImPACT: Hits (Delay)

  37. ImPACT: Delayed Memory Percent Correct

  38. ImPACT: Total Percent Correct

  39. SUMMARY & DISCUSSION

  40. Overall Summary • High school football players regardless of concussion during the season showed positive results overall

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