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New Directions In Thought & Culture 16 th /17 th Centuries

Explore the intellectual transition of the 16th/17th centuries with the Scientific Revolution, as new views of the universe emerged and challenged traditional beliefs. Discover the groundbreaking theories of Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Bruno, and Galileo.

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New Directions In Thought & Culture 16 th /17 th Centuries

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  1. New Directions In Thought & Culture 16th/17th Centuries The Scientific Revolution AP EURO : Chap 14

  2. Scientific Revolution • Main Themes: • 1. Renaissance & Reformation paved the way for “new” science & philosophy • 2.Shift fromauthoritative truthtofactual truth

  3. Basic Questions Asked • 1. Who am I? • 2. What is my purpose in life? • 3. How do faith, reason, and science inter –relate?

  4. Basic Questions Asked • 4. How can science and laws be applied to society? • 5. What is the nature of a “good” society?

  5. The Scientific Revolution … • Was a period of intellectual transition… • Inspired new views of the universe • Was a complex movement

  6. New Knowledge Emerged • During 16th/ 17th centuries: • Medicine, chemistry, natural history, philosophy • & Most notably… • Astronomy 

  7. Ancient vs. Modern Views of the Universe • What is the earth’s place in the universe? • Where does heaven fit in?

  8. The Accepted Model of the Universe • “Ptolemaic System” • Ptolemy wrote The Almagest (150 c.e.) • Geo centrism- earth is at center of the universe • “Concentric Spheres” above earth

  9. The “Celestial / Concentric Sphere”- Assumptions • “Sphere” surrounded the earth • Stars attached to this sphere • Sphere rotated around stationary earth every 24 hours • Sphere “moved” in westward motion (stars rise in east, set in west)

  10. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) • Polish Priest/Astronomer • Did not believe Earth was at the center of the universe

  11. Copernicus’ Model of the Universe • Heliocentrism– Sun is at the center of the universe • Challenged Ptolemaic model • Argued that the farther the planet from the sun, the longer it took to revolve around it

  12. Copernicus • Wrote:On Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres • Published after his death 1543 • Theories allowed for others to re-think views of the universe

  13. Nicolaus Copernicus & Heliocentrism • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNGlHzS1s70 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8lMW0MODFs

  14. Tycho Brahe • Danish 1546-1601 • Suggested: • Mercury & Venus revolved around sun, • But other planets revolved around earth

  15. Tycho Brahe • Constructed scientific instruments for observation of planets • Compiled large amounts of data

  16. The Scandalous Life of Tycho Brahe- TED TALKS • http://socksonanoctopus.com/blog/2014/06/ted-talks-dan-wenkel-tycho-brahe-scandalous-astronomer/#.VFO3P_nF9kI

  17. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) • Was Brahe’s assistant • German astronomer • Inherited Brahe’s data

  18. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) • Used Copernicus idea of heliocentric universe + • Brahe’s data = • And Came up with new interpretation of the Universe

  19. 1609 • Published book: The New Astronomy • 1. 1st astronomical model to portray motion • 2. Path of planets as elliptical, not circular • 3. Sun centered universe

  20. Giordano Bruno • Dominican Monk/Astronomer • Born 5 years after Copernicus died • Controversial!

  21. Giordano Bruno,1584 • Published two books: • 1. “Cena de la Cenari” –defended heliocentric theory of Copernicus • 2. De L’infinito , Universo e Mondi (“On the Infinite Universe and Worlds”) …

  22. IN :De l’infinito Universo e Mondi • He Argued: • 1. Universe is infinite • 2. Universe contains an infinite number of worlds And…

  23. That… • 3. These worlds are inhabited by intelligent beings!!!!

  24. Controversial Theories! • He gave a lecture at Oxford University, England • Faculty was outraged!

  25. He Was Kicked out • Of Germany and France • 1591 accepted invitation to live in Venice, Italy • However…

  26. Arrested by the Inquisition! • Investigated, Sent to trial 1592 • Kept imprisoned for 8 years, interrogated periodically • Refused to recant (take back) heretical statements regarding the universe

  27. Death of Bruno • Declared a heretic • Burned at the stake • His file is missing from records

  28. Bruno; A True Astronomer? • Scientists like Kepler & Galileo were NOT sympathetic to Giordano Bruno in their writings

  29. Galileo Galilei (1564- 1642) • Mathematician, “instrument maker”, & astronomer • 1588-1592 Professor of Mathematics University of Pisa • 1592 – Dept. Chair, Mathematics. University of Padua

  30. Galileo’s Achievements • 1. Perfected Dutch Telescope • First used it 1609

  31. Galileo’s Achievements • 2. Discovered Sunspots • 3. Discovered moons around Jupiter -named them after Medicis“MediceaSidera” (Medician Stars) - Name later changed to: Io, Europa, Ganymede,Callisto

  32. Galileo’s Achievements • 4. Wrote : Starry Messenger (1610) • Argued: • Copernican view of the Universe • Universe subject to mathematical laws

  33. IN 1616 • A committee of consultants declared to the inquisition • That the heliocentric theory of the universe was • “absurd in philosophy and formally heretical”

  34. IN1623 His Acquaintance • Became Pope Urban VIII • Gave Galileo permission to resume discussion regarding Copernican system • As long as he treated topic as theory/hypothesis • And not TRUTH

  35. Galileo’s “Mistake” • 1632 published : • “Dialogue on the 2 Chief World Systems” • Featured 2 characters: • A “dumb” character (favored geocentric model) & • A “ smart” character (favored heliocentric model)

  36. Problem? • Pope Urban VIII thought • Galileo was mocking him, and took personal offense! • 1632 Pope referred Galileo case to the Inquisition

  37. Galileo • Imprisoned in 1633 • Refused to recant his theories • Found guilty • Punishment: • House Arrest • Books were banned • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2J0-ZbbrD6U

  38. Pope John Paul II • Formally pardoned Galileo in 1992!!

  39. Isaac Newton • English Mathematician 1642-1727 • Believed in Empiricism: one must observe phenomena before attempting to explain them

  40. 1687 Published his Book • Principia Matematica • Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy • Proved that Motion could be timed and measured

  41. Synthesized or Combined • Kepler’s laws of motion for the heavenly bodies & Galileo’s laws of motion for things on earth.

  42. Newton’s Accomplishments • 1.He explained how the universe works through mathematics. • 2. Planets & Physical objects in the universe move through “mutual attraction: or “gravity”

  43. Newton’s Accomplishments • 3. Laid the foundations for differential and integral calculus. • 4. Established universal laws of motion & gravity

  44. Francis Bacon (1561-1626) • Father of Scientific Method or Empiricism • Believed that: Investigation + evidence lead to truth • empiricism became popular after Isaac Newton used method • Inductive Method.

  45. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) • Relied on “ Rational deduction” instead of empiricism/inductive method • Originally a mathematician invented analytic geometry

  46. 1637- Descartes Wrote • Wrote: Discourse of Method • Asked the following questions: • How can I prove God’s existence? • How can I prove my own existence? • Through Rational Deduction!

  47. 1637 Discourse of Method • -Descartes doubted everything except the following- • Two Categories of Existing Things : thinking things, things that occupy space • He could not doubt his own act of thinking

  48. Conclusion: “ I think, therefore I am” • “Cogito ergo sum” • I exist because I think… • therefore, God exists. • God is the only perfect being.

  49. Medicine Also relied on Ancient Texts! • Galen 2nd century contemporary of Ptolemy encouraged the belief of • Four Bodily humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile

  50. New Concepts in Medicine • 1. Andreas Vesalius ( Flemish, 1543) : Founder of biological science. Dissected & Studied cadavers. • 2. William Harvey (English,1628): Accurately explained blood circulation

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