INDIKATOR PENCEMARAN LINGKUNGAN

1. INDIKATOR PENCEMARAN LINGKUNGAN Oleh Sudrajat FMIPA_UNMUL 2010

2. Water pollution Bacteria,Viruses,Protozoa, Parasitic worms Oxygen demanding substances Inorganic plant nutrients Organic chemicals Sediment or suspended matter Thermal pollution Genetic pollution

3. Environmental Indicators : ☼ are attributes associated with specific ecosystem elements (e.g., water, plants, animals and people) that are used to characterize and communicate the condition of the ecosystem. ☼ may inform about the current or evolving state of key ecosystem elements, or ☼ may inform processes or mechanisms that drive ecosystem health

4. INDIKATOR BIOLOGI Biota air vs polutan (sangat sensitif  sangat toleran) “Tumbuhan” Index diatomae Index macrophyta “Hewan” Saprobic system Trent Biotic Index The National Water Council (NWC) score

6. Point and Nonpoint Sources NONPOINT SOURCES Rural homes Cropland Urban streets Animal feedlot POINT SOURCES Suburban development Factory Wastewater treatment plant

7. Red Tide Toxins Can Cause Respiratory Problems in Humans Source: Boston Globe, 3/29/05

8. Pollution of Streams • Oxygen sag curve Fig. 20-5

9. Pollution of Lakes Discharge of untreated municipal sewage (nitrates and phosphates) Nitrogen compounds produced by cars and factories Natural runoff (nitrates and phosphates Discharge of detergents ( phosphates) Manure runoff From feedlots (nitrates and Phosphates, ammonia) Discharge of treated municipal sewage (primary and secondary treatment: nitrates and phosphates) Runoff from streets, lawns, and construction lots (nitrates and phosphates) Lake ecosystem nutrient overload and breakdown of chemical cycling Runoff and erosion (from from cultivation, mining, construction, and poor land use) Dissolving of nitrogen oxides (from internal combustion engines and furnaces) • Eutrophication Fig .22.7, p. 499

10. Leaking tank Aquifer Bedrock Water table Groundwater flow Free gasoline dissolves in groundwater (dissolved phase) Gasoline leakage plume (liquid phase) Migrating vapor phase Water well Contaminant plume moves with the groundwater Fig. 20-12

11. Groundwater Pollution: Causes Hazardous waste injection well Pesticides Coal strip mine runoff De-icing road salt Buried gasoline and solvent tank Cesspool septic tank Pumping well Gasoline station Waste lagoon Water pumping well Sewer Landfill Leakage from faulty casing Accidental spills Discharge Unconfined freshwater aquifer Confined aquifer Confined freshwater aquifer Groundwater flow Fig. 20-11

12. Groundwater Pollution Prevention • Monitoring aquifers • Strictly regulating hazardous waste disposal • Storing hazardous materials above ground

13. Industry Nitrogen oxides from autos and smokestacks, toxic chemicals, and heavy metals in effluents flow into bays and estuaries. Cities Toxic metals and oil from streets and parking lots pollute waters; Urban sprawl Bacteria and viruses from sewers and septic tanks contaminate shellfish beds Construction sites Sediments are washed into waterways, choking fish and plants, clouding waters, and blocking sunlight. Farms Runoff of pesticides, manure, and fertilizers adds toxins and excess nitrogen and phosphorus. Red tides Excess nitrogen causes explosive growth of toxicmicroscopic algae, poisoning fish and marine mammals. Closed shellfish beds Closed beach Oxygen-depleted zone Toxic sediments Chemicals and toxic metals contaminate shellfish beds, kill spawning fish, and accumulate in the tissues of bottom feeders. Oxygen-depleted zone Sedimentation and algae overgrowth reduce sunlight, kill beneficial sea grasses, use up oxygen, and degrade habitat. Healthy zone Clear, oxygen-rich waters promote growth of plankton and sea grasses, and support fish. Fig. 20-15 Fig. 21-10, p. 505

14. HUBUNGAN ANTARA POLUSI ORGANIK DAN DISTRIBUSI MICROORGANISME ZONA POLUSI 1. Polusi organik parah: bakteria, Rodo dan beberapa ciliata lain Dimana jamur sampah tumbuh: protozoa pemakan bakteria, misalnya Colpidium, Colpoda, Glaucoma, Paramecium. Bergabung dgn Carchesium, Vorticella, pemakan alga spt Chilodonella, Spirostoma, Stentor Keanekaragaman bertambah lagi , mis Coleps, Didinium, Lionotus dan rotifera 5. Permulaan pemulihan terlihat adanya penambahan flagellata hijau, spt Euglena, Procus.

15. Sewage • Organic waste (sewage) provides food for bacteria, which allows them to grow and reproduce • Bacteria use up the oxygen in the water. • There is less oxygen for other organisms such as fish and insects. • Animals such as fish, stonefly nymphs and shrimps decrease in number.

16. Domestic Pollution – sewageDescribe the trends shown in the graph below.

17. Domestic Pollution – sewage • As the concentration of sewage pollution rises, the population of bacteria rises. • This is because the bacteria feed off the sewage which provides raw materials and energy for growth and reproduction. • At the same time the concentration of oxygen falls. • This is because the bacteria use up the oxygen as they break down the organic waste in the sewage. • Animals such as fish and stonefly nymphs decrease in number.

18. Evaporation Minerals N, P, C Organic N, P, C AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM

19. Mayfly nymphs cannot survive in waters low in oxygen. They are an indication that the waters are clean