Chapter 20 – America Becomes a World Power

1. Chapter 20 – America Becomes a World Power Section Notes Video The United States Gains OverseasTerritories The Spanish-American War The United States and Latin America The United States and Mexico Imperialism and U.S. Expansion Maps U.S. Territories in the Pacific War in the Philippines War in the Caribbean The Panama Canal United States in Latin America Standards Assessment Map Quick Facts United States Foreign Policy Chapter 20 Visual Summary Images A Powerful Navy Perry Arrives in Japan Remember the Maine! Fighting in Cuba

2. The United States Gains Overseas Territories 8.12 • The Big Idea • In the last half of the 1800s, the United States joined the race for control of overseas territories. • Main Ideas • The United States ended its policy of isolationism. • Because of its economic importance, Hawaii became a U.S. territory. • The United States sought trade with Japan and China.

3. Powerful Western nations wanted to build naval bases and protect shipping routes in the 1800s. Was an aspect of imperialism:building an empire by founding colonies or conquering other nations Europeans extended colonial empires to control most of Africa and Southeast Asia during 1870–1914 European countries wanted sources of raw materials, new markets for manufactured goods, and increased national pride. European Imperialism

4. Some Americans wanted to end isolationism in order to Keep the economy strong Build a strong navy by having overseas bases United States began building an empire in late 1800s Had earlier followed a policy of isolationism:avoiding involvement in affairs of other countries Purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million in 1867 Called Seward’s Folly after Secretary of State William H. Seward,who negotiated the purchase of what critics called the “Alaskan Icebox” Annexed Pacific Ocean territories Midway Island in 1867 and Samoa in 1899 Main Idea 1:The United States ended its policy of isolationism.

5. A Powerful Navy • Government began building up its naval forces during the late 1800s and early 1900s • Wanted to protect its commercial interests overseas • Senator Henry Cabot Lodge said, “Commerce follows the flag, and we should build up a strong navy....”

6. Main Idea 2:Because of its economic importance, Hawaii became a U.S. territory. Americans owned most shops and shipyards in Hawaii by 1840s and also controlled sugarcane crop McKinley Tariff of 1890 gave subsidy, or bonus payment, to U.S. sugar producers; prices for Hawaiian sugar dropped, and the islands’ economy collapsed After Liliuokalani became queen, planters led a revolt, set up a revolutionary government, and asked that Hawaii be placed under U.S. control in 1893 Hawaii eventually annexed by Congress in 1898, but it did not become the fiftieth state until 1959

7. The island nation of Japan was isolated from the rest of the world. The United States wanted to open Japan’s markets before other Europeans arrived. Commodore Matthew Perry was sent on a mission of friendship and commerce in 1853; a consul general,or chief diplomat, was sent in 1856. A commercial treaty was negotiated in 1858. By the 1890s, Japan was itself an imperial power. Main Idea 3:The United States sought trade with Japan and China.

8. Foreign Powers in China • Spheres of Influence • Japan defeated China in Sino-Japanese War, 1894–95 • Other countries wanted to set up spheres of influence,areas where they could control trade and natural resources, in China • Open Door Policy • U.S. Secretary of State John Hay set forth Open Door Policy • Policy was that all nations should have equal access to trade in China • Boxer Rebellion • China resented foreign control. • Nationalists attacked foreign settlements in Beijing in Boxer Rebellion in1900 • Boxers were defeated, China paid a fine, and the Open Door policy remained

9. The Spanish-American War 8.12 • The Big Idea • The United States expanded into new parts of the world as a result of the Spanish-American War. • Main Ideas • Americans supported aiding Cuba in its struggle against Spain. • In 1898 the United States went to war with Spain in the Spanish-American War. • The United States gained territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.

10. Cubans rebelled against Spain. Conflict widely reported in U.S. newspapers, especially by publishers Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst Americans supported the Cubans. Printed sensational, often exaggerated news stories: technique called yellow journalism Stories helped increase support for military action William McKinley, a supporter of Cuban independence, elected in 1896 Main Idea 1: Americans supported aiding Cuba in its struggle against Spain.

11. Main Idea 2:In 1898 the United States went to war with Spain in the Spanish-American War. • USS Maine sunk in Havana Harbor on February 15, 1898 • Newspapers blamed Spain. • Congress passed a resolution declaring Cuba independent and demanded that Spain leave. • The Teller Amendment said that the United States had no interest in Cuba. • Spain declared war on the United States.

12. The U.S. Navy, under Commodore George Dewey, won a quick victory over the Spanish Pacific fleet in the Philippines on May 1, 1898. None of Dewey’s men were killed in battle. Dewey had to wait for additional troops to be sent to secure the Philippines. On August 13, U.S. troops and Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo took control of the Philippine capital of Manila. Fighting in the Pacific

13. U.S. Army unprepared for Spanish-American War Troops had be increased—from 28,000 to 280,000 Did not have enough rifles, bullets, or uniforms Only a small number died in battle; many more died of disease. Rough Riders were a group of volunteers commanded by Theodore Roosevelt Part of U.S. troops sent to capture hills around main Spanish forces at Santiago San Juan Hill captured on July 1, 1898 Spanish Caribbean fleet destroyed on July 3, 1898 U.S. troops invaded Puerto Rico in mid-July. Spain signed a cease-fire agreement on August 12, 1898. War in the Caribbean

14. Main Idea 3:The United States gained territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific. • Territorial Gains • Treaty placed Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines under U.S. control • Some Americans formed Anti-Imperialist League,opposing treaty and creation of an American colonial empire • Treaty approved in Senate by one vote more than two-thirds majority needed

15. New U.S. Territories • Cuba • U.S. military government set up • Commission sent to Cuba to fight disease • Constitution drafted and included Platt Amendment,allowing American intervention in Cuban affairs • The Philippines • Spain surrendered Philippines for $20 million • Filipinos revolted against U.S. control. • Conflict ended in 1902 • Congress passed Philippine Government Act in 1902 • Puerto Rico • Like Cubans and Filipinos, Puerto Ricans had hoped for independence. • Made a U.S. territory • Puerto Ricans granted U.S. citizenship in 1917

16. The United States and Latin America 8.12.3 • The Big Idea • The United States expanded its role in Latin America in the early 1900s. • Main Ideas • The United States built the Panama Canal. • Theodore Roosevelt changed U.S. policy toward Latin America. • Presidents Taft and Wilson promoted U.S. interests in Latin America.

17. Main Idea 1: The United States built the Panama Canal. The Treaties • United States and Britain signed Clayton-Bulwer Treaty in 1850 to jointly build a canal, but never built • Hay-Herrán Treaty: agreement between United States and Colombia to allow Americans to build canal across isthmus of Panama; rejected by Colombia Revolution in Panama • Philippe Bunau-Varilla,a French engineer, led revolt in Colombian province of Panama in 1903 • Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty of November 1903 allowed United States to build canal across isthmus

18. Building the Panama Canal • Difficult to build • Workers faced tropical diseases, such as malaria and yellow fever. • Working in the high mountains was dangerous. • Leadership was problematic—several changes until progress was made under Colonel George W. Goethals • Some 6,000 people died making the canal. • Opened on August 15, 1914, linking Atlantic and Pacific Oceans • Took ten years to complete and cost $375 million in addition to $300 million spent by a failed French effort

19. Theodore Roosevelt • Born into wealthy family • Spent time in the West and became avid hunter and conservationist • Returned to East to a political career as a reformer • Led Rough Riders in Spanish-American War • Was President McKinley’s vice president and became president when McKinley was assassinated

20. Main Idea 2: Theodore Roosevelt changed U.S. policy toward Latin America. The Panama Canal allowed the United States to become more involved in Latin America. American military power grew stronger and allowed the United States to enforce the Monroe Doctrine. President Roosevelt created a policy called the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine to force debtor nations to repay loans to Europe—the United States would intervene in any wrongdoing by nations in the Western Hemisphere. The United States was the “police officer” of the Western Hemisphere.

21. President William Howard Taft acted to protect U.S. interests in Latin America. Used policy called dollar diplomacy—influencing governments through economic, not military, intervention Loaned money to Nicaragua in exchange for right to send U.S. troops necessary to protect U.S. interests Sent U.S. Marines to Nicaragua in 1911 to protect banks that American bankers had gained control of Woodrow Wilson believed that the United States had a moral obligation to promote democracy. Often sent troops into Latin America to prevent foreign intervention or political unrest Sent troops to Haiti in 1915 and to the Dominican Republic in 1916 Main Idea 3: Presidents Taft and Wilson promoted U.S. interests in Latin America.

22. Changes in U.S. Foreign Policy • Washington’s Farewell Address United States will not become involved in European affairs • Monroe Doctrine • United States will defend its interests in Western Hemisphere and keep European powers out • Roosevelt Corollary • United States will police wrongdoing by nations in Western Hemisphere • Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy • United States will use economic means to aid its interests in Latin America • Wilson and Democracy • United States will promote and protect democracy in the Western Hemisphere

23. The United States and Mexico 8.12 • The Big Idea • The Mexican Revolution threatened relations between the United States and Mexico. • Main Ideas • In 1910 Mexicans revolted against their government • The Mexican Revolution threatened U.S. interests economically and politically.

24. Porfirio Díaz was president of Mexico for 30 years. He imprisoned opponents and rewarded supporters. Most of Mexico’s 15 million people were landless and poor. Democratic reformer Francisco Madero called for removal of Díaz and led the Mexican Revolution of 1910. Díaz was forced to resign, and the United States recognized the Madero government. Many Mexicans fled to the United States to escape violence, avoid persecution, and find better jobs. Victoriano Huerta took power in 1913 and had Madero killed. Main Idea 1: In 1910 Mexicans revolted against their government.

25. Main Idea 2:The Mexican Revolution threatened U.S. interests economically and politically. • Newly elected U.S. President Woodrow Wilson refused to recognize the Huerta government. • A revolt against Huerta by Venustiano Carranza gained support. • Two other revolutionaries led movements to overthrow Huerta. • Francisco “Pancho” Villa in the north • Emiliano Zapata in the south • Peace returned to Mexico in 1920.

26. Mexican economy weakened by fighting American business leaders called on Wilson to intervene. In 1914 Wilson sent U.S. Navy to capture port of Veracruz to stop weapons shipment to Huerta ABC Powers—Argentina, Brazil, and Chile—offered to negotiate Huerta overthrown by Carranza, and U.S. troops removed General John J. Pershing led U.S. troops into Mexico when Pancho Villa attacked Americans, but Villa was not captured. U.S. Response to Mexican Revolution

31. U.S. Territories in the Pacific

32. War in the Phillipines

33. War in the Caribbean

34. The Panama Canal

35. United States in Latin America

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