Understanding Geography: Themes, Locations, and Map Projections

1. The Global Environment Chapter 1

2. Geography • What is it?

3. Geography • The study of where: • People • Places • Things • ARE LOCATED • AND how they relate to each other.

4. Ancient Egypt • Egyptian Priests • Studied the land • Why? • Land uses • What the land could produce • Base a tax system off of the land – supported building their temples

5. Greeks • First to create maps of Europe, Africa, and Asia.

6. 5 Themes of Geography • Location • Place • Interaction between people and environment • Movement • Region

7. Location • Where is Penncrest High School? • On a sheet of loose leaf try to explain to someone where is the location of Penncrest High School • Turn to a neighbor and see how much your explanation is helpful. • Rate your partner’s explanation: 10 being very helpful, 1 being not helpful at all, and 5 being probably helpful.

8. Relative Location • Did we: • Describe PHS in terms of another location? • How else did we describe it? • How do we determine its EXACT or ABSOLUTE location?

9. ABSOLUTE Location • Use grid of numbered lines of latitude and longitude. • Penncrest is located at: • 39 degrees, 30” N • 75 degrees, 66” W

10. Latitude & Longitude • Latitude • Measures distance north and south of the Equator. • Longitude • Measures distances east and west of the Prime Meridian

11. Equator • Divides the Earth into two halves (Northern and Southern Hemisphere. • Line of latitude

12. Prime Meridian • Divides World into Eastern and Western Hemispheres. • Greenwich, England

13. International Dateline • Opposite of Prime Meridian

14. PLACE II • Described by physical and human characteristics

15. PLACE - physical • Landforms • Climate • Soil • Animal Life

16. PLACE – Human Characteristics • Way of life • Transportation • Religion • Languages

17. Think about our PLACE On a sheet of loose leaf/ note book paper: Describe Media as a place. Consider the following: • Stores • Landforms • Religions • Animal Life • Weather • Transportation

18. Interaction Between People & Environment • How do we interact with our environment?

19. Hidden Cost • How has interactions with environment created “hidden costs?” • Farming • Transportation

20. People adapt • How do people adapt to different environments? • Desert • Tropical • Arctic • Earthquake Prone • Beach • Mountain

21. MOVEMENT III • Movement of • People • Places • Goods • How did people get to America (early settlers/natives) • Early people moved primarily for? • Alaskan land bridge

22. Trade • Exports – What is it? • Imports – What is it? • Copper/ Farm products/ Coffee Beans/ Oil

23. Ideas Spread • Religion • Technology • Television

24. Interdependence • Global Interdependence • Dependence of countries on goods, resources, and knowledge from other parts of the world. • What is something we are dependant on?

25. KEY TERMS • Geography • PILMR • Latitude • Longitude • Export • Import • Interdependence

26. HOW am I going to remember these FIVE themes? • PILMR • Place • Interaction between people and Environment • Location • Movement • Region

27. Understanding the Physical World

28. REGIONS (V) • Identified by: • Physical characteristics • Economic • Political • Cultural • PEPC

29. Maps • Book • Athenians fighting a war against Persia • Athenians want aid from Sparta • Athens supplies Sparta with a map hoping for an alliance. • Sparta assesses that Athens is a greater threat because of the map

31. Tools of Geographers • Geographers use globes and maps. • Why is a globe more accurate than a map.

32. What is a drawback of using a globe?

33. Map Projection • Show a curved earth on a flat surface. • Accuracy varies depending on type of map.

34. Mercator Projection • Gerardus Mercator - 1569 • Sailors needed a map that showed direction accurately (N/S/E/W)

35. Mercator Projection

36. Mercator Projection • Accurate view of land areas NEAR EQUATOR • Direction (N/S/E/W) • North and South Poles • Land becomes distorted • What is the problem with using a Mercator Projection?

37. Interrupted Projection • Shoe correct sizes and shapes of landmasses • Cut-out oceans • Impossible to: • accurately measure distance • plot a course across an ocean

38. Interrupted Projection

39. Peters Projection • Shows correct areas of landmasses and oceans. • Directions are accurate • Distorts shapes of continents • Notice how Africa appears longer and thinner.

40. Peters Projection

41. Robinson Projection • Shows correct sizes and shapes of most landmasses • Fairly accurate view of sizes of the oceans • Fairly accurate view of distance over landmasses • Distortions along the edge of the map

42. Robinson Projection

43. Review • Positives and Negatives • Mercator • Interrupted • Peters • Robinson • Which do you think is the best?

44. Special Purpose Maps • Political Map • Shows borders that divide nations

45. Physical Map • Shows physical features (lakes/mountains)

46. Topography • Physical features of a place or region

47. Population Map

48. Climate Map

49. Vegetation Map