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4 Boyutlu Ultrasonografi

4 Boyutlu Ultrasonografi. Serdar H. Ural, M.D., F.A.C.O.G. Director, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine Director, Labor and Delivery Unit Director, Fellowship Training Program Director, Obstetrical Ultrasound Suite Professor of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Radiology

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4 Boyutlu Ultrasonografi

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  1. 4 Boyutlu Ultrasonografi Serdar H. Ural, M.D., F.A.C.O.G. Director, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine Director, Labor and Delivery Unit Director, Fellowship Training Program Director, Obstetrical Ultrasound Suite Professor of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Radiology Penn State University College of Medicine, U.S.A.

  2. 3D/4D Ultrason • 2D = 2 boyutlu • 3D = 3 boyutlu • 4D= 3 boyutlu canli (zamanli) real-time goruntu

  3. 4D Ultrason • 2D ultrason gebelik tetkikinde kullanilan belki de en onemli metottur • 3D/4D ultrasonun yayginlasmasi, gebelik takibinde gerekli olup olmadiginin tartismasini yaratmistir • 3D/4D ultrason, bilhassa 2D ile yapilan tetkikte tespit edilmis bazi anomalilerin daha iyi analiz edilmesinde faydali oldugu gorulmustur • Fetal vucutta protruzyon yapan anomalilerin tetkikinde onemlidir- noral tup defekti, omfalosel, gastroskisis • Cardiac • American Institute of Ultrasound in medicine. Acoustic output measurement standards for diagnostic ultrasound equipment. Laurel (MD): AIUM; 1998 .

  4. 4D Ultrason • Ultrasonun guvenilirligi uzun zamandan beri bilinmektedir • Insan calismalarinda yan etki gorulmemistir • Bazi hayvan deneylerinde yani etki gorulmusse de bu calismalar baskalari tarafindan tekrarlandiginda ayni sonuclar elde edilmemistir • Bilhassa 3D/4D ultrasonda termal endeks ve de mekanik endeks otomatik olarak kontrol edilmekte, ultrason muayenesi sirasinda dokuya yayilan enerji miktari minimumda tutulmaktadir • Stark CR et al. Short and long term risks after exposure to diagnostic ultrasound in utero. ObstetGynecol 1984; 63; 194-200

  5. 3D/4D Ultrason • 3D popularitesiartmakta • iU22 (Phillips), Prosound Alfa-10 (Aloka), Voluson 730 Expert (GE) • Ortalamamuayenesuresi 21 dakika • 2D mean termalindeks (TI) - 0.28, mekanikindeks (MI) – 1.12 • 3D mean TI - 0.27, MI – 0.89 • 4D mean TI - 0.24 • 3D/4D muayenesi 2.5 dakikaek • Akustikseviye, enerjiseviyesiyaklasikayni • Sheiner E et al. A comparison between acoustic output indices in 2D and 3D/4D ultrasound in obstetrics. Ultrasound ObstetGynecol 2007, 29 (3); 326-8

  6. 2D/3D/4D Ultrason • 2D ultrason ve fetal fizyolojik cevap • 100 hasta • 18-24 gebelik haftasi, • Fetal kalp atis hizi • AF dikey olcumu • Umbilical arter Doppler • Muayene suresi • Amniyotik sivi da azalma- Istatistiki fark (+) • Fetal kalp hizinda artis- Istatistiki fark (-) • Doppler, sure- Istatistiki fark (-) • Akut fetal hemodinamik degisiklikler • Ural SH, Repke J et al. Does 2nd trimester ultrasound effect normal fetal physiology. • Oral Presentation, International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology • Chicago, USA, Agustos 2008

  7. How Useful Is 3D and 4D Ultrasound in Perinatal Medicine • 3D/4D hakkinda tip literaturundesuanakadaryayinlanmis 575+ makale/calismavar, 438+ tanesisirf 3D/4D hakkinda • Yuzanomalileri • Noraltupdefektleri • Iskeletanomalileri • Konjenitalkalpdefektleri • Intrakraniyelanomaliler • Davranis • Kurjak A et al. How useful is #d and 4D ultrasound in perinatal medicine. J Perinat Med 2007, 35 (1); 10-27 • Martin J et al. Births; final data for 2002. Natl Vital Stat rep 2003, 52 (10):1-113

  8. 3D/4D Ultrason • 3472 fetal anatomiktarama, 2D ve 3D • 906 tanesinde 1-5 anomali • 2D ilekarsilastirildiginda 3D - multiplanartomografikinceleme %70 dahaavantajli • Defektinciddiyetininve de normalitenindegerlendirilmesinde 2D’den daha mi iyi • Long G et al. A comparative study of routine vs. selective fetal anomaly scanning. J Med Screen 1998; 5; 6-10

  9. 3D/4D Ultrason • 99 fetus, once 3D/4D, sonrasinda 2D • 2D 54 fetus normal, 45 fetus’ta 82 anomali • 2D ve 3D/4D arasindaanomalitanisindaanlasmaorani %90, intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.834; %95 CI, 0.774-0.879 • 3D/4D 2D’den 6 eksikanomaliteshisetmis • VSD (2) • IVC blokaji • Tetralogy of Fallot • Bobrek • Cystic adenmatoidmalformasyon • Dogumsonrasitaniilekarsilastirma, sensitivite/spesifisite • 2D %96 - %73 • 3D/4D %92 - %76 • Istatistikiolarakciddifarkyok Goncalves L et al. What does 2 dimensional imaging add to 3D/4D obstetric ultrsound. J Ultrasound Med 2006, 25 (6); 691-9 Long G et al. A comparative study of routine vs. selecyive fetal anomaly scanning. J Med Screen 1998; 5; 6-10

  10. 3D/4D Ultrason • 13-34 gebelikhaftalarinda • 3D/4D ilekalpfonksyontesbiti • Tomografik real-time 3D • Sistolik/diyastolik, atriyal/ventrikulerhemodinamiktesbit • Anatomikanomaligorulmese de kalpanomalilerinebaglidegisiklikler • Hata T et al. 4D ultrasound in spatiotemporal image correlation for fetal heart visualization. J Clin Ultrasound Mayis 2008;36;4;204-7.

  11. 3D/4D Ultrason • The effects on maternal anxiety of 2D vs. plus 3D/4D ultrasound in pregnancies at risk of fetal abnormalities; A randomized study • 4D ultrasonuygulananannelerin %80’i, 2D ilekarsilastirildiginda, bebegin normal oldugunundahainandiricioldugunu • Fakatanksiyeteninistatistikiolarakdahadusukolmadigi

  12. 3D/4D Ultrason • 2D ve 3D/4D ultrason kullanildiginda annenin bebegine psikolojik bagi • Yayinlanmis bazi calismalarda bu bagin ultrasonla guclendigi, ve de uzun vadede anne ve bebegin daha az hastaliga yakalanmasina sebep olabilecegi varsayilmistir • 3D/4D ultrason daha mi etkili • Penn State Universitesinde calisma • Rados C. FDA cautions against ultrasound keepsake images. FDA Consum 2004; 38 (1); 12-6

  13. Ultrasound Research Symposium Nisan, 2010 Philadelphia Best Research Prize

  14. Does Ultrasound Influence the Bond between Mother and Fetus? Serdar Ural, MD, and MFM Team Penn State University, College of Medicine Figures Results • The data from the entire study population (Group A, 100 patients) was analyzed based on 21 questions while the data of 35 patients (Group B) was analyzed based on 25 questions. • Group A and Group B both resulted in a p value <.0001 indicating that the difference in MFA scores before and after the ultrasound is statistically significant. • Questions 22-25, assessing prenatal care, were analyzed individually. Question 23 was statistically significant with a p value of .0156. Conclusions • The ultrasound experience is one of many major events that occur during pregnancy. It becomes a lasting memory, especially if it is the first pregnancy. • This study determined that 2D ultrasound significantly increases the bond between mother and fetus in addition to 3D and 4D imaging. • The fact that ultrasound has such a profound impact on the thoughts of mothers suggests that it can be a stepping stone to incorporate other aspects of prenatal care into the appointment. • Confounding variables: multiple ultrasound technicians and less than ideal results of anatomical survey. • Future research: father’s reaction to ultrasound experience, the effect of other patients having an ultrasound on the MFA, the use of ultrasound to prevent maternal use of alcohol and tobacco. Introduction • Maternal-fetal attachment (MFA) is a new concept that encompasses the behaviors mothers evoke toward their babies. • A handful of studies have been conducted to determine if fetal ultrasounds are a means for increasing or even inducing a mother’s attachment towards her unborn child. • Many studies have compared the effects of 3D and 4D ultrasounds on MFA, however, few have investigated the influence of the basic 2D ultrasound, considering it is the most common type of scan used in practice. • It is hypothesized that the ultrasound experience will have a positive impact on a mother’s feelings for her fetus by increasing her attachment to the fetus. Methods • 100 women obtaining a routine ultrasound scan at the Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine at Hershey Medical Center were recruited. • The 25-question survey given before and after the ultrasound was based on the MFA questionnaire developed by Cranley with additional statements addressing prenatal care. • Group A (64 patients) completed a 21-question survey. Group B (35 patients) completed a 25-question survey, which included 4 questions on prenatal care. • The difference between the pre-ultrasound mean and post-ultrasound mean was analyzed by a nonparametric 1-sample Wilcoxon signed ranks test. Table 1: Analysis of Group A maternal-fetal attachment scores (Q1-Q21) Table 2: Analysis of Group B maternal-fetal attachment scores (Q1-Q25) Table 3: Analysis of prenatal care questions 22-25

  15. 4D Ultrason • Prenatal invazivtanivetedavisiicin 4D, 93 fetus • Amniosentez, amnioinfuzyon, CVS, kordosentez • Prosedur mean 5 dakika, %100 basari • Oligohidramniyoz, inceplasenta, incekord • Zaman, komplikasyonriskidahadusuk • Kim S et al. 4D ultrasound guidance of prenatal invasive procedures. Ultrasound ObstetGynecol 2005, 26 (6); 663-5

  16. Maternal Obeziteve Fetal AnomaliTaramasi2D • Fetal anatomy ultrasound screening • American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM) • Over 25 structures • 18-22 weeks of gestation • Variable sensitivity • 34-60% • Decreases with increased BMI • Absence of markers, 80% reduction in Down syndrome risk • Experience • Standardization

  17. Obezite2D • Significant ultrasound impairment • Visualization decreases • Mostly cardiac and spine + others • Suboptimal visualization • Obezite 17%

  18. Maternal Obeziteve Fetal AnomaliTaramasi3D/4D • 18-24 hafta • 11,000+ vaka • Body mass index (BMI) >25 • BMI >25, >30, >40 • Sensitivite %66’dan %49, %25’lere inmis • 3D/4D yarari? • Dashe et al. Obstetrics/Gynecology, Mayis, 2009.

  19. 3D/4D Ultrason • 4D = 3 boyutlucanli (zamanli) real-time goruntu • 4D = tomografikultrasonincelemesi • Hacimolcumuicin ideal • Operatifprosedurlerdedahaguvenilir • Hasta/fetus’eyanetkikanitiyok • 3D/4D yayinlanmiscalismasayisiaz • 2D + 3D/4D suanda en faydaliyontem • Tekbasina 3D/4D muayeneicinyeterliveriyok

  20. 4D Ultrason & Davranis Bugune kadar yapilan deney ve calismalarda fetal davranis bicimlerinin ultrason ile incelenmesi sonucu fetal saglik hakkinda bilgi verip veremeyecegi yonundedir Bu calismalarda fetal davranis dendiginde el kol hareketlerinden tutun yuz ifade degisikligine kadar bircok hareket edebilen bolge ele alinmaktadir Fetal davranis incelenmesinin en iyi bilineni ve standart yontemi olan biyofizik profildir (BPP) Burda el, kol, govde gibi hareket edebilen bolgelerin incelenmesi sonucu evet fetus saglikli, ya da hayir fetus saglikli degil, dogurmak gerekir gibi sonuclara ulasmaktayiz

  21. BPP • Fetal hareket = 2 • Fetal tonus = 2 • Solunum = 2 • Amniyotik sivi = 2 • NST = 2 • Toplam 10/10

  22. 4D Ultrason & Davranis • 14 hareket 4D ile incelenebilir; • Goz kapagi • Agiz • Dil • Dudak bukme • Gulumseme • Somurtma • Esneme • El’in bas’a • El’in yuze (goz, kulak, agiz) • Bas antefleksyon/retrofleksyon • Emme • Yutkunma

  23. 4D Ultrason & Davranis • Neonatal donemdeki yuz ifadeleri incelendiginde fetal surecte 4D ile gorulenlerle ayni oldugu tespit edilmis • Dogum sonrasi stres’te olan bebegin yuz ifadeleri, fetal donemde stres’te olan bebegin ifadeleriyle benzerlik gostermekte • Fetal noral gelisim hakkinda bilgi vermekte • Santral sinir sisteminin gelisimi direk olarak bu davranislara yansir • Spesifik hareket duzeni (SMP) mevcuttur

  24. 4D Ultrason & Davranis • Fetal davranisin dinamik analizi, santral sinir sisteminin maturasyonu ve gelismesi ile direk baglantilidir • Norolojik hastaliklarin erken teshisi

  25. 4D Ultrason & Davranis Cok az data Arastirma ve dergi yayin kalitesi? Standart olusturmak icin cok erken Tekrarlanabilir sonuclar gormek sart Ornegin BPP Yani konumuz cok yeni ve henuz gelismekte olup literaturde temsili az

  26. 4D Ultrason • Yani fetal davranis sadece tibbi bilgi vermekle kalmayip psikolojik ve emosyonel yani da var

  27. 4D Ultrason & Davranis • Intrauterin gelisme geriligi (IUGR) oldugu bilinen fetuslerde fetal yuz ifadesi ve de vucut hareket kalitesinde degisikler oldugu tespit edilmis • Bu da acaba beyin gelisiminde aksakliktan oturu olabilecegi teorisini gelistirmis • Yani IUGR olan fetuslerde oksijenlenme aksakligi beyni etkileyip indirek yolla fetal davranisi da etkileyebilmektemidir? • Bu da bize davranissal tanida yardimci olabilirmi sorusunu sordurtmaktadir

  28. Fetal Behaviour of IUGR Fetuses by 4D USG • Fetal yuz ifadesi, vucut hareket kalitesi • Beyin gelisiminde aksaklik? • 50 IUGR, 50 kontrol • Hareket duzeni tamamen farkli, hareketlerde farklilik • IUGR – azalmis hareket, sayi, bicim, duzen • El’in bas’a hareketi • El’in yuz’e hareketi • Bas retrofleksyon • Andonotopo W et al. The assessment of fetal behaviour of growth restricted fetuses by 4D ultraound. J Perinatol Med 2006, 34 (6);471-8

  29. 4D Ultrason & Davranis • Anensefalik fetus’te motor hareketlerde anormallikler • IUGR’da benzer hareket degisiklikleri

  30. Fetal Behaviour of IUGR Fetuses by 4D • Dogumoncesibilgiicin • Iyifizyolojikbilgi • 4D 3D’nin canligosterimidir, 2D’ye gore dahaiyi? • Standarthenuzyok

  31. 4D Ultrason & Davranis • Eger tedavisi olan bir risk ise bilhassa biyofizik profil ile davranissal degisiklikler takip edilerek fetus’te duzelme olup olmadigi gorulebilir • Fakat bunun standart olarak kullanilmasi henuz erkendir • Daha fazlaca sayida kaliteli yayin gerekmektedir • Cok merkezli calismalara acilen ihtiyac vardir • Bu sayede fetal norodavranis ve cocuk gelisimsel sonuclari normativ data elde edilerek, aralarindaki prediktebilite teyit edilmelidir

  32. 3D/4D Ultrason • 4D = 3 boyutlucanli (zamanli) real-time goruntu • 4D = tomografikultrasonincelemesi • Hacimolcumuicin ideal • Operatifprosedurlerdedahaguvenilir • Hasta/fetus’eyanetkikanitiyok • 3D/4D yayinlanmiscalismasayisiaz • 2D + 3D/4D suanda en faydaliyontem • Tekbasina 3D/4D muayeneicinyeterliveriyok

  33. Sonuc • 2D + 3D/4D rutinkullanilmasigebelikte en faydaliyaklasim • Guvenilir, yanetkiyok • Anne-bebekbagiveanneanksiyete • 3D/4D belli anomalilerinincelenmesindedahafaydali • Yumusakdoku, protuzyon, kalp

  34. Sonuc • 4D’den eldeedilentomografikgoruntulerbilgisayararaciligiyleanatomikreconstruction’dangecip 2D ve 3D’ye gore organlar/olcumlerdaha net goruntuverecek • 4D muayenesihastaicincokkisalacak • Anomalive de normal teshislerindogrulukorani %100’e yaklasacak

  35. Referans • American Institute of Ultrasound in medicine. Acoustic output measurement standards for diagnostic ultrasound equipment. Laurel (MD): AIUM; 1998 • Stark CR et al. Short and long term risks after exposure to diagnostic ultrasound in utero. Obstet Gynecol 1984; 63; 194-200 • Rados C. FDA cautions against ultrasound keepsake images. FDA Consum 2004; 38 (1); 12-6 • Martin J et al. Births; final data for 2002. Natl Vital Stat rep 2003, 52 (10):1-113 • Long G et al. A comparative study of routine vs. selecyive fetal anomaly scanning. J Med Screen 1998; 5; 6-10 • Ewigman B et al. Effect of prenatal ultrasound screening on perinatal outcome. RADIUS study froup. N Engl J Med 1993; 329; 821-7 • Kurjak A et al. How useful is #d and 4D ultrasound in perinatal medicine. J Perinat Med 2007, 35 (1); 10-27 • Sheiner E et al. A comparison between acoustic output indices in 2D and 3D/4D ultrasound in obstetrics. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2007, 29 (3); 326-8 • Goncalves L et al. What does 2 dimensional imaging add to 3D/4D obstetric ultrsound. J Ultrasound Med 2006, 25 (6); 691-9 • Kim S et al. 4D ultrasound guidance of prenatal invasive procedures. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005, 26 (6); 663-5 • Leung et al. The effects on maternal anxiety of 2D vs. plus 3D/4D ultrasound in pregnancies at risk of fetal abnormalities; A randomized study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006, 28 (3): 249-54

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