Day 4 Arminianism, England and Scotland

1. Day 4Arminianism, England and Scotland Lessons 4 and 5

2. Lesson 4 Objectives • State the impact of the hymns of writers of the Reformation period upon the Church, and the influence of the hymns in worship • Incorporate the hymns into a traditional and contemporary church service • adapt fresh approaches to spiritual formation from examples of significant persons of integrity in church history • Contrast Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anabaptist approaches to worship and ministry (See Below) • Understand the origins and early theological development of Protestantism in Great Britain and Scotland and its relationship to the development of Wesleyan-Holiness theology • Appreciate the commitments of the English Reformers to die for their faith • Identify Thomas Wolsey, William Tyndale, Authorized (King James) Version of the Bible, Foxe’s Book of Martyrs, Anglicanism, Book of Common Prayer

3. Lesson 5 Objectives • Understand how Presbyterianism began in Scotland, how Puritanism arose, and Puritanism’s effects upon Protestantism in Great Britain • Identify the historical roots of Puritanism in Great Britain and its influence throughout Europe and the world • Explain the distinctive features of Puritanism • Presbyterianism, Oliver Cromwell, Puritanism, Pilgrim’s Progress, Jacobus (or James) Arminius, The Synod of Dort , “Five Points of Calvinism.” • Compare and contrast Arminianism with Calvinism • Describe the contributions of James Arminius to theology in general, • Understand the Article of Faith on Scripture in relation to the Reformation

4. State the impact of the hymns of writers of the Reformation period • Protestants centralized the Bible, and thus preaching became the most important aspect of the service. Understanding was emphasized. • Luther liked hymns and wrote and encouraged them • Zwingli believed they were a distraction and did not allow singing. • Calvin restricted hymns and singing in favor of preaching. • How about you?

5. Read 2 On Your Own 20 “Praise to the Lord, the Almighty” OpenHymnal2011.10 77 “All Creatures of Our God and King” OpenHymnal2011.10 100 “The Lord’s My Shepherd” Book of Hymns for Public and Private Devotion 152 “Fairest Lord Jesus” / Beautiful Savior OpenHymnal2011.10 249 “O Sacred Head, Now Wounded” Book of Hymns for Public and Private Devotion 499 “Jesus, Thy Boundless Love to Me” OpenHymnal2011.10 766 “Now Thank We All Our God” OpenHymnal2011.10

6. After reading these hymns: • Would there be any use to singing them in this country? • What is the benefit of hymns? • What is the benefit of choruses? • What do you want in your service? • Who is writing them for the next generation?

7. Adapt fresh approaches to spiritual formation from examples of significant persons of integrity in church history • From your reading, what was important to these leaders to help their followers know Christ? • What is important to you? • What are you going to do about it?

8. Contrast Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anabaptist approaches to worship and ministry • Luther put the old Roman mass to German song. The lessons and prayers were sung. The tunes Luther chose were based on medieval hymns, Gregorian chants, and to a lesser degree, folk songs. Music, like bread and wine, was able to bear the holy. Later songwriters in the Lutheran tradition wrote with congregational singing in mind.

9. Zwingli: • True New Testament singing, Zwingli believed, was done spiritually in the heart, not audibly with voices. To Zwingli, neither bread, nor wine, nor music was able to bear the holy. “Flesh and the physical stood in sharp contrast and opposition to spirit and the spiritual.” Nothing, Zwingli taught, should divest the people’s attention away from the Word of God.

10. Calvin: • On music as well as sacraments, Calvin stood somewhere between Zwingli and Luther. • Songs, along with preaching and the sacraments, was an essential element of worship. • But do not overdo songs, and keep all music holy. No secular music.

11. Anabaptist: • One reason given for not attending the state churches was that these institutions forbade the congregation to exercise spiritual gifts according to "the Christian order as taught in the gospel or the Word of God in 1 Corinthians 14." "When such believers come together, 'Everyone of you (note every one) hath a psalm, hath a doctrine, hath a revelation, hath an interpretation', and so on. When someone comes to church and constantly hears only one person speaking, and all the listeners are silent, neither speaking nor prophesying, who can or will regard or confess the same to be a spiritual congregation, or confess according to 1 Corinthians 14 that God is dwelling and operating in them through His Holy Spirit with His gifts, impelling them one after another in the above-mentioned order of speaking and prophesying."

12. Ministry: Priesthood of all believers - with ordination • (Luther) For the sake of the order of the church were some set apart from the midst of the congregation for full-time preaching, teaching, and counseling. The congregation called and appointed ministers to do what each member was entitled to do. Though all members, Luther reasoned, had the power to forgive sins, they should not do so without the authorization of the community of faith. • Luther believed: “A Christian preacher, is a minister of God who is set apart, yea, he is an angel of God, a very bishop sent by God, a savior of many people, a king and prince in the Kingdom of Christ and among the people of God, a teacher, a light of the world. There is nothing more precious or nobler on earth and in this life than a true, faithful parson or preacher.” • He wrote in 1539, “let everyone who knows himself to be a Christian be assured of this, that we are all equally priests, that is to say, we have the same power in respect to the Word and the sacraments. However, no one may make use of this power except by the consent of the community or by the call of a superior.” • The first part of this quote was revolutionary. The second part was balanced.

13. Service Times: • "Preachers expounded each portion of the books of the Bible consecutively Sunday after Sunday. Sermons on Mondays and Tuesdays were devoted to the Catechism. The early morning service on Wednesday focused on the Gospel of Matthew, and Thursday and Friday sermons on the Epistles. A late vespers service on Saturday traditionally drew upon John." • "The preacher must not preach too long, Luther admonished, and remember the children listening in the service. “To preach simply is a great art.” To be effective, a preacher must first of all, be able to teach correctly and in an orderly manner. Second, he must have a good head. Third, he must be able to speak well. Fourth, he should have a good voice, and, fifth, a good memory. Sixth, he must know when to stop. Seventh, he must know his stuff and keep at it. Eighth, he must be willing to risk body and soul, property and honor. Ninth, he must let everyone vex and ridicule him."

14. Accountability: • Though Luther condemned the Roman Catholics for linking the sacrament of confession to good works, he thought confession, done privately, was a practice helpful for the church to keep. Luther wrote: For when we have laid bare our conscience to our brother and privately made known to him the evil that lurked within, we receive from our brother’s lips the word of comfort spoken by God himself; and if we accept it in faith, we find peace in the mercy of God speaking to us through our brother.

15. Calvin: • Also believed in the priesthood of all believers, but the preacher became the most important. • Got rid of confession times. • Did not allow criticism of the preacher in Geneva. • Also developed catechism for instruction on the Bible. • Before sacraments the person must have classes and be tested, as they must understand what they are doing.

16. Words: • "Preacher" was used in the Reformation. • "Pastor" became more popular through the Pietist influence in the 1700's • "Parson" was the equivalent word the Germans used, often indicating a "parish." "Clergy" was used in the Anglican church. • "Minister" was used by those wishing to break away (dissent) from the Anglican church.

17. Understand the origins and early theological development of Protestantism in Great Britain and Scotland and its relationship to the development of Wesleyan-Holiness theology • John Wycliffe translated the Bible into English, which got his bones dug up and burned! But the desire for an official English translation continued. • England was becoming nationalistic. Spain and France were seen as competitors, not family. • Thomas More influenced England towards humanism and away from Fideism.

18. Henry VIII • King Henry VIII was awarded "Defender of the Faith" a very high honor, for opposition to the Lutheran reformation. • He was married to a Spanish Princess (Catherine), who gave him a daughter named Mary. • Mary was raised in Spain as a devout Catholic. • Henry wanted a son, so asked the pope to annul his marriage, the pope refused. • He sent Catherine away to a castle and married Anne Boleyn, who bore Elizabeth. • Elizabeth was raised in England, and because of Henry VIII breaking away from the Catholic church, raised a Catholic/Protestant/Anglican.

19. Henry VIII Part 2 • Parliament passed the Act of Succession, 2nd, and third one! Mary and Elizabeth queens? • Henry marries 6 times, and confiscated monasteries and sold them to local land owners. • This was popular with the people because of church abuses! • England did not really change the liturgies, practices, or theology of the church, so it still looked like Catholicism. • Thomas More was executed for not swearing loyalty to England. • Thomas Cranmer became Archbishop after that and: • Wanted the English Bible in every church and circulated as far as possible. • Developed the Common Book of Prayer - like the Catholic Liturgy but now with Greek and Lutheran theology mixed in.

20. Thomas More • Thomas More later opposed the King's separation from the Roman Catholic Church and refused to accept him as Supreme Head of the Church of England, because such disparaged Papal Authority and Henry’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon. • Tried for treason, More was convicted on perjured testimony and beheaded.

21. Thomas Cranmer • Thomas Cranmer (2 July 1489 – 21 March 1556) was a leader of the English Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and, for a short time, Mary I. • He helped build the case for the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which was one of the causes of the separation of the English Church from union with the Holy See. • Along with Thomas Cromwell, he supported the principle of Royal Supremacy, in which the king was considered sovereign over the Church within his realm. • Book of Common Prayer • Burned at the stake because of his Protestant views

22. Mary 1 • Edward VI becomes king for 6 years and Protestant ideas grow rapidly in England. • Mary came back from Spain to be queen, and married her Spanish cousin Phillip. • This was very unpopular in England. • She made England choose Catholicism, and persecuted those who did not. • Cranmer was made to recant and join the Catholics. Then he recanted his recantation and was burned at the stake as a heretic. His Bibles were destroyed.

23. Elizabeth 1 • Clergy leaders escaped to Switzerland and Netherlands (where they were influenced by Calvin and Lutheranism). • John Foxe wrote about martyrs that died during Mary's reign (and other martyrs). This was later placed in every church in England, and was widely read. Read Foxe's Book of Martyrs on your tablet, or listen in the Audio section. • Mary dies after 6 years in power • Elizabeth the Protestant queen gained power. • Cranmer's ideas were fulfilled, and the Common Book of Prayer and the 39 Articles of the Anglican church are still in use today. • Wesley later edited these Articles for the Methodist Church, and since many Methodist-trained people were leaders in the early Nazarene Church, these have found their way into Nazarene Doctrine.

24. Elizabeth I • (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was queen regnant of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death (45 years!). • Sometimes called "The Virgin Queen", "Gloriana" or "Good Queen Bess", • Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. • Elizabeth was raised Catholic but became Protestant – a supporter of the Anglican Church.

25. Via Media • The Anglican Church (Church of England) was a "via media" that allowed many variations of thought to co-exist on "non-essentials" or things that seemed unclear in the Bible. This also is an inheritance of the Nazarene Church today. • A Lectionary was produced that made sure the New and Old Testaments were read in one year. • Exiles returning from the continent after the reign of Mary introduced psalms in metrical form and sung with particular tunes. These psalms included the 42nd, the 100th, the 112th, the 113th, the 124th, the 134th, and the 148th. By 1559, the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth, English worship services both opened with and closed with a hymn, and a few years later, hymns were sung before and after the sermon, and during the Communion component of the worship service.

26. Scotland • Scotland was already predisposed to reject Roman Catholicism. • Knox and the Parliament established a Presbyterian form of church government. In 1560 John Knox was able to persuade the Scottish Parliament to accept Protestantism—in its Calvinist form—as the state religion. • It was based on congregations being organized into regional presbyteries, these presbyteries then electing delegates to a synod. • The General Assembly, to which the synods sent delegates, was the highest decision-making body of the church. The assemblies had moderators, but there were no bishops. • (Interestingly, this type of organization can be seen in the Nazarene District structures and District and General Assemblies, with the General Board being the highest governing board for the Church.)

27. Thomas Wolsey • Chief advisor to Henry VIII • Promoted reforms in England. • Could not secure Henry VIII annulment with Catherine of Aragon. • He was accused of treason and ordered to London by Henry Percy, 6th Earl of Northumberland. In great distress, he set out for the capital with his personal chaplain, Edmund Bonner. He fell ill on the journey, and died at Leicester on 29 November 1530, around the age of 60. • "If I had served my God", the Cardinal said remorsefully, "as diligently as I did my king, He would not have given me over in my grey hairs."

28. Thomas Cranmer • Thomas Cranmer (2 July 1489 – 21 March 1556) was a leader of the English Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and, for a short time, Mary I. • He helped build the case for the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which was one of the causes of the separation of the English Church from union with the Holy See. • Along with Thomas Cromwell, he supported the principle of Royal Supremacy, in which the king was considered sovereign over the Church within his realm. • Book of Common Prayer • Burned at the stake because of his Protestant views

29. William Tyndale • William Tyndale (sometimes spelled Tynsdale, Tindall, Tindill, Tyndall; c. 1494–1536) was an English scholar who became a leading figure in Protestant reform in the years leading up to his execution. • He is well known for his translation of the Bible into English. He was influenced by the work of Desiderius Erasmus, who made the Greek New Testament available in Europe, and by Martin Luther.[1] • The grass-roots spread of Wycliffe's Bible resulted in a death sentence for any unlicensed possession of Scripture in English—even though translations in all other major European languages had been accomplished and made available. • Strangled and Burned at the Stake William Tyndale, before being strangled and burned at the stake, cries out, "Lord, open the King of England's eyes". woodcut from Foxe's Book of Martyrs (1563).

30. King James Version • Authorized (King James) Version of the Bible, • The King James Version (KJV), commonly known as the Authorized Version (AV) or King James Bible (KJB), is an English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England begun in 1604 and completed in 1611.[2] • First printed by the King's Printer Robert Barker,[3][4] this was the third translation into English to be approved by the English Church authorities. • The first was the Great Bible commissioned in the reign of King Henry VIII, and the • second was the Bishops' Bible of 1568.[5] In January 1604, King James I convened the Hampton Court Conference where a new English version was conceived in response to the perceived problems of the earlier translations as detected by the Puritans,[6] a faction within the Church of England. Archbishop Richard Bancroft was the "chief overseer" of the production of the Authorized Version.

31. Foxe’s Book of Martyrs, • Written by John Foxe to commemorate people killed by Mary ("Bloody Mary") in her attempts to make England Catholic again.

32. Anglicanism • Anglicanism is a tradition within Christianity comprising the Church of England and churches which are historically tied to it or have similar beliefs, worship practices and church structures.[1] • The word Anglican originates in ecclesia anglicana, a medieval Latin phrase dating to at least 1246 that means the English Church.

33. Book of Common Prayer • The Book of Common Prayer is the short title of a number of related prayer books used in the Anglican Communion, as well as by the Continuing Anglican, "Anglican realignment" and other Anglican churches. • The original book, published in 1549 (Church of England 1957), in the reign of Edward VI, was a product of the English Reformation following the break with Rome. • Prayer books, unlike books of prayers, contain the words of structured (or liturgical) services of worship.

34. Lesson 4 Review • State the impact of the hymns of writers of the Reformation period upon the Church, and the influence of the hymns in worship • Incorporate the hymns into a traditional and contemporary church service • adapt fresh approaches to spiritual formation from examples of significant persons of integrity in church history • Contrast Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anabaptist approaches to worship and ministry (See Below) • Understand the origins and early theological development of Protestantism in Great Britain and Scotland and its relationship to the development of Wesleyan-Holiness theology • Appreciate the commitments of the English Reformers to die for their faith • Identify Thomas Wolsey, William Tyndale, Authorized (King James) Version of the Bible, Foxe’s Book of Martyrs, Anglicanism, Book of Common Prayer

35. Lesson 5 Objectives • Understand how Presbyterianism began in Scotland, how Puritanism arose, and Puritanism’s effects upon Protestantism in Great Britain • Identify the historical roots of Puritanism in Great Britain and its influence throughout Europe and the world • Explain the distinctive features of Puritanism • Presbyterianism, Oliver Cromwell, Puritanism, Pilgrim’s Progress, Jacobus (or James) Arminius, The Synod of Dort , “Five Points of Calvinism.” • Compare and contrast Arminianism with Calvinism • Describe the contributions of James Arminius to theology in general, • Understand the Article of Faith on Scripture in relation to the Reformation

36. Understand how Presbyterianism began in Scotland, how Puritanism arose, and Puritanism’s effects upon Protestantism in Great Britain • John Knox, influenced by Calvin, established Presbyterianism in Scotland. Mainly known for its reformed theology (God is in control), and its administrative system of elected representatives. • Puritanism arose because the Anglican Church was still largely dominated by Catholic theology and practice and was seen by many in need of reform - or "purification." Most of these people were influenced by Calvinist ideas. (Note: do you want to train your own theologians, or send them away to get trained by others? How will your church be affected when they come back?) • The intense focus on "right doctrine" centered around God's Sovereignty and complete control and the neglect of the Calvinist segments to give any room for Free Will led to James Arminius' reaction. The Pietist movement formed that emphasized personal experience and free will. The Broad and Narrow way – Pietist painting form Germany

37. Identify the historical roots of Puritanism in Great Britain and its influence throughout Europe and the world • The Anglican Church was hierarchical - that means that pastors were told which churches they would preach at, and when they should leave. The local church was a "parish" to be overseen, not a flock to be "pastored." • Some began to say that the local church should be able to decide theology for itself, and call its own pastors. This was during a time when those in charge were moving towards "uniformity" or everyone doing the same thing.

38. Explain the distinctive features of Puritanism • Personal salvation was entirely from God. • They were modified Calvinists • They said to be assured of salvation they “looked deep inside themselves for signs of God’s grace and anguished over the fate of their souls.” • The Bible had supreme authority. • Christians should do only what the Bible commanded, while Anglicans contended rather that Christians should not do what the Bible prohibited. • Some Puritans wanted a Presbyterian church-state organization, others wanted the local church to be autonomous (Congregationalist)- no one could tell them what to do, or persecute them for doing what they wanted. (Note: Nazarenes held both of these views too, which led them to create the hierarchical District structure, but leave the local church to call the pastors, with the DS's help and approval, and to run their church as long as they do not threaten the property. Property belongs to the District, but most activities belong to the local church. A balance.) • Church should be organized from Scripture. • Puritan church polity provided the historical foundation for modern Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and Baptists. • God had sanctioned the solidarity of society. • Only a single set of authorities should govern life in society. • Thus, Puritans sought nothing less than to make all of England Puritan. • Theocracy, but, like Switzerland under Zwingli, this led to lots of conflict in England and in the newly colonized America.

39. Presbyterianism, • Presbyterianism is a branch of Reformed Protestantism which traces its origins to the British Isles. Presbyterian churches derive their name from the presbyterian form of church government, which is government by representative assemblies of elders. • Many Reformed churches are organized this way, but the word "Presbyterian," when capitalized, is often applied uniquely to the churches which trace their roots to the Scottish and English churches that bore that name and English political groups that formed during the Civil War.[2] • Presbyterian theology typically emphasizes the sovereignty of God, the authority of the Scriptures, and the necessity of grace through faith in Christ. • Local congregations of churches which use presbyterian polity are governed by sessions made up of representatives of the congregation (elders); a conciliar approach which is found at other levels of decision-making (presbytery, synod and general assembly). Note this diagram does not represent an hierarchical power and authority structure. The people who constitute the lowest levels (in sessions / congregations) elect representatives to the highest level (general assembly) and some of these may, in turn, be elected to the post of Moderator (of General Assembly, or Synods, or Presbyteries.)

40. Oliver Cromwell, • Calvinist leader that wanted Calvinism in England. He won a civil war and persecuted Catholics, and wanted the Common Book of prayer suppressed.

41. Extra History: • Civil War in England broke out when, in 1637, Laud attempted to impose the Book of Common Prayer’s order of service on the churches of Scotland. • The Scots disliked using unleavened bread, kneeling at Communion, considering marriage a sacrament and using a ring to signify it, and basing worship on the Christian year. • They considered the practices of Lent and feast days left over from Rome. They emphasized the holiness of the Sabbath. • The Scots pledged to defend their religious customs and prepared for war. Charles called Parliament to raise an army to force religious conformity upon the Scots. • But the English Parliament included Puritans, those sympathetic to the Scot cause, and anti-royalists. Charles sent troops, nonetheless, to Scotland, where they were defeated. Maps of territory held by Royalists (red) and Parliamentarians (yellow), 1642—1645

42. Puritanism, • Calvinist groups that wanted reform on the Anglican church. • Many fled England when the Catholic-leaning king Charles II again requiring the Common Book of Prayer.

43. Pilgrim’s Progress, • John Bunyan (1628-88), a dissenter, was arrested in 1660 and imprisoned for preaching without a license. • Released in 1672, Bunyan returned to his preaching and was arrested again in 1675. • From prison this second time, Bunyan wrote Pilgrim’s Progress, an allegorical account of a Christian’s arduous journey to heaven. • Pilgrim’s Progress became one of the most widely read Christian devotional books in the 18th century and beyond.

44. Jacobus (James) Arminius • Jacobus Arminius (October 10, 1560 – October 19, 1609), the Latinized name of the Dutch theologian Jakob Hermanszoon from the Protestant Reformation period, served from 1603 as professor in theology at the University of Leiden. He wrote many books and treatises on theology, and his views became the basis of Arminianism and the Dutch Remonstrant movement. • Following his death, his challenge to the Reformed standard, the Belgic Confession, provoked ample discussion at the Synod of Dort, which crafted the five points of Calvinism in response to Arminius's teaching.

45. Arminianism Part 1 • He believed Calvin’s successors, particularly Theodore Beza (1519-1605), professor at Geneva from 1558 to 1595, had rigidified Calvin’s doctrines. • Arminius had to defend himself from charges of Pelagianism. In a sense this concept of salvation was “synergistic,” the cooperation of human beings in their own salvation. • But he viewed himself as having a “monergistic” understanding of grace. Salvation was all of God and nothing of human beings as equally in Arminianism as in Calvinism. Salvation could not be earned. The ability to exercise faith was a gift given by God, not a work. For Arminius, God gave this ability to exercise faith to all who heard the gospel. • Arminius affirmed many of Calvin’s doctrines, including its dire picture of the predicament of human beings’ sin. Arminius, like other Protestants, believed human beings could do nothing to save themselves. Salvation was all of grace that flowed to human beings through Christ, and it was not in any way due to the goodness or works of human beings. • All were lost in sin, all were born slaves to sin, none could extricate himself or herself from the calamity of sin. Human wills were bound to sin, and that continually. Arminius was Augustinian, not Pelagian, on the matter of sin. He did not deny the reality and the dire affects of original sin. • This grace enabled human beings to exercise faith and choose salvation, or reject it. God’s means of salvation was not by edict or decree but by persuasion. The “elect,” as Arminius understood biblical references to the concept, was a class of persons, those who by grace chose salvation.

46. Arminianism Part 2 • Unlike Calvinists, Arminius believed human beings could lose saving faith, due to their own volition. If they willfully disobeyed a known law of God, and persisted in disobedience, they would be lost. • “Free will,” for Arminius, was always within the context of free grace. Free will had been lost in the Fall of Adam. No one possessed free will of his or her natural ability. Rather, free will was a gift of grace. • The Synod of Dort countered the Arminian theology by what is now known as the “Five Points of Calvinism.” • Following the Synod of Dort, Arminians in Holland were persecuted or banished. Some found refuge in England. Though Arminius’s views were thoroughly evangelical, some of his theological descendents overestimated human will and reason, and “Arminianism” became a synonym among some for theological liberalism. (Open Theology = God does not know the future and has to work with us to create it.)

47. Comparison

48. Describe the contributions of James Arminius to theology in general, and the Wesleyan tradition in particular • He began the foundation for a theology of Free Will that still allowed for the Grace of God to be sovereign so that man cannot boast of his own salvation. • This drastically affected John and Charles Wesley

49. Understand the historical roots of the Articles of Faith • Augsburg Confession was a list of things the Lutherans believed. • 39 Articles of the Anglican Church were a list of the things Anglicans believed. • Wesley adapted these 39 Articles for the Methodist Church. • The Nazarene Church has 16 Articles of Faith. The idea of listing these comes from Luther's reformation and the Protestant influence on Anglicanism, Wesley, and his influence on Methodism.

50. Interpretation of Scripture: • Luther: • Luther stressed that every believer had the right to interpret Scripture. For that reason, the Scripture needed to be in every language. The criterion of truth became centered in the individual’s conscience, not rational choice. For biblical interpretation, this concept lent itself toward subjectivity. • Calvin: • For John Calvin the Bible was the product of the Holy Spirit, who also gives inward witness to reader and hearer. Faith determined one’s acceptance of the Bible and its truth. Yet, for Calvin, Scripture was the basis for dogmatic theology. • Catholic: • Protestantism had as many truths as believers, it seemed to both Roman Catholics and rationalists. With each person as his or her own authority—his or her own priest and prophet— order was disrupted. • Anglican • The Church of England (1571) The Holy Scripture containeth all things necessary to salvation; so that whatsoever is not read therein, nor may be proved thereby, is not to be required of any man, that it should be believed as an article of faith, or be thought requisite or necessary to salvation. In the name of the Holy Scripture we do understand those canonical books of the Old and New Testament of whose authority was never any doubt in the Church. The names of the canonical books are: [The 66]. • Nazarene Article of Faith: Look up in the Manual