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Phil. 201 Introduction To Logic

On your 3"x5" card:.

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Phil. 201 Introduction To Logic

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    1. Phil. 201 Introduction To Logic Prof. Tony Roark Spring 2006

    2. On your 3x5 card: Official BSU name What youd like to be called Previous Phil. courses taken Why are you here? Interesting fact about yourself Special concerns or needs

    3. Contact Information Email: troark@boisestate.edu Web: www.boisestate.edu/people/troark Phone: 426-3378 Hoof: 1910 Lincoln Ave, Rm. 106 ESP: (call your shrink)

    4. Our Text Introduction to Logic 8th ed. (custom-bind) Patrick Hurley Avail. @ Bookstore Best thing going til I write my own text.

    5. Course Requirements Homework Quizzes Exams

    6. Homework Exercises from the text. Posted on the web Mondays. Due Fridays; bring two copies to class, turn one in as you enter, keep one to grade. Credit for evidence of good-faith effort. 10 assigned, two freebies. 40 pts. of 400 total possible.

    7. Quizzes 11 given; lowest score dropped. Given at beginning of class Mondays. Returned Wednesdays. Graded for correctness. 100 pts. of 400 total possible.

    8. Exams Three of them. 2/17 covers Chs. 1, 4, 5 (75 pts.) 3/24 covers Ch. 6, 7.1, 7.2 (85 pts.) Final covers 7.3-7.7 (100 pts.) 260 pts. of 400 possible.

    9. Policies All handwritten work must be in pencil; work done in pen receives no credit. Except in the case of an emergency, no late work will be accepted. Im a reasonable person -- communicate! Dont cheat.

    10. So What Is Logic? [T]he organized body of knowledge, or science, that evaluates arguments. (Hurley, p. 1) The branch of philosophy concerned with the analysis and evaluation of arguments. ( la Roark)

    11. So Whats an Argument? A heated exchange or confrontation? (No.) A group of statements (at least two), one or more of which (the premises) are alleged to constitute rational grounds for accepting the remaining statement (the conclusion) as true.

    12. Guinness is better than Budweiser. An argument? No. Why not? Its too small (at least two statements required).

    13. In a recent taste test, eight out of ten people preferred Guinness over Budweiser. Moreover, Guinness won the Golden Hop Award at this years brewmasters competition, while Budweiser did not. Therefore, Guinness is better than Bud. An argument? Yes!

    14. Professor Roark thinks that Guinness is sublime, but he regards Budweiser as being unfit for human consumption. Hence, Guinness is better than Bud. Argument? Yes!

    15. So Whats a Statement? A declarative sentence (or independent clause) that has a definite truth value (true or false) on some interpretation. Interpretation? The sound is very deep.

    16. Statements? The sum of five and seven is thirteen. Statement Is eleven a prime number? Not a statement Dont listen to that music so loud! Not a statement God exists. Statement

    17. Dont confuse knowledge of truth-value with possession. George W. Bush had Wheaties for breakfast this morning. The 801st numeral in the decimal expansion of pi is 3.

    18. Some Conclusion Indicators therefore hence so consequently it follows that entails thus for this reason necessarily wherefore as a result we may infer

    19. Some Premise Indicators since for because as given that assuming in that inasmuch as owing to may be inferred from for the reason that as indicated by

    20. Since the good, according to Plato, is that which furthers a persons real interests, it follows that in any given case when the good is known, men will seek it.

    21. Since the good, according to Plato, is that which furthers a persons real interests, it follows that in any given case when the good is known, men will seek it. Premise: The good, according to Plato, is that which furthers a persons real interest. Conclusion: In any given case when the good is known, men will seek it.

    22. Two types of claims made in an argument A factual claim: the premises are alleged to be true. An inferential claim: the truth of the premises is alleged to have a logical bearing on the truth of the conclusion.

    23. Two important types of non-arguments I. Conditional statements II. Explanations

    24. I. Conditional Statements Take the form: If ... , then ... . If ... clause is called the antecedent. then ... clause is called the consequent. If it rains, (then) I wont go. Antecedent: It rains. Consequent: I wont go.

    25. The relationship between antecedent and consequent should not be thought of as causal or temporal. Q: How ought one to express the relationship between a cars having gas in its tank and its running?

    26. If theres gas in the tank, then the car is running. But thats FALSE! If the car is running, then theres gas in the tank. Thats TRUE!

    27. If theres gas in the tank, then the car is running. But thats FALSE! If the car is running, then theres gas in the tank. Thats TRUE!

    28. Think of it this way: The antecedent expresses a sufficient condition for the truth of the consequent. The consequent expresses a necessary condition for the truth of the antecedent. If [sufficient], then [necessary].

    29. Exercise #2, 1.2 VI. Being an animal is a _______________ condition for being a tiger. Sufficient: If x is an animal, then x is a tiger. Necessary: If x is a tiger, then x is an animal. Necessary!

    30. Conditional statements are NOT arguments If the moon is made of green cheese, then the moon is made of cheese.

    31. But this IS an argument If the moon is made of green cheese, then its made of cheese. So, if the moon isnt made of cheese, its not made of green cheese.

    32. And so is this The moon is made of green cheese. So its made of cheese.

    33. II. Explanations Answer why? questions. Why do plants need water to live? Because water (H2O) contains hydrogen, and photosynthesis uses hydrogen and carbon dioxide (CO2) to make glucose (C6H12O6), the food from which plants grow new cells.

    34. Terminology Explanandum =df the alleged fact to be explained (in our example, the necessity of water for plant life) Explanans =df the alleged facts that are claimed to do the explaining (in our example, chemical facts relating to photosynthesis)

    35. Explanations are NOT arguments Explanans Claimed to shed light on Explanandum Accepted fact

    36. Explanations are NOT arguments Premises Accepted fact Claimed to prove Conclusion

    37. Before Friday: Get a copy of Hurley. Check out the course website. Read 1.1-1.4.

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