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PHYSICS 1401. SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. Vernier caliper. 1.1 Measurements. Micrometer. Photogate (millisec). 1.2 Resultant and Equilibrant. 2.4 Motion Graphs. 2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration. Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration
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PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW
Vernier caliper 1.1 Measurements Micrometer Photogate (millisec)
2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration POSITION, VELOCITY & ACCELERATION
3.3 Projectile Motion Under the influence of gravity alone, an object near the surface of the Earth will accelerate downwards at 9.80 m/s2.
3.3 Projectile Motion Objects falling in a vacuum will experience the same speed. Galileo started experimenting to test the theories of other scientists such as Aristotle.
3.3 Projectile Motion • Properties of Projectile Motion • Horizontal velocity stays constant. • No vertical velocity when object is thrown horizontally from the top of hill. • When object is launched from the ground, velocity has horizontal and vertical components. • At the top of the trajectory, no vertical velocity, but there is acceleration due to gravity. • The time for a projectile to reach the top is equal to the time for it to go back to the ground. • The initial launching velocity is equal to the final lvelocity just before it hits the ground.
3.3 Projectile Motion Example 7 The Time of Flight of a Kickoff What is the time of flight between kickoff and landing?
3.3 Projectile Motion Example 8 The Range of a Kickoff Calculate the range R of the projectile.
4.2 Newton’s First Law of Motion An object continues in a state of rest or in a state of motion at a constant speed along a straight line, unless compelled to change that state by a net force. The net forceis the vector sum of all of the forces acting on an object. If the vector sum is equal to zero, then the system is in equilibrium.
4.2 Newton’s First Law of Motion Inertia is the natural tendency of an object to remain at rest in motion at a constant speed along a straight line. The mass of an object is a quantitative measure of inertia. SI Unit of Mass: kilogram (kg)
4.3 Newton’s Second Law of Motion Newton’s Second Law When a net external force acts on an object of mass m, the acceleration that results is directly proportional to the net force and has a magnitude that is inversely proportional to the mass. The direction of the acceleration is the same as the direction of the net force.
4.3 Newton’s Second Law of Motion SI Unit for Force This combination of units is called a newton (N).
4.4 The Vector Nature of Newton’s Second Law The direction of force and acceleration vectors can be taken into account by using x and y components. is equivalent to
4.5 Newton’s Third Law of Motion Newton’s Third Law of Motion Whenever one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body exerts an oppositely directed force of equal magnitude on the first body. It involves TWO objects to form an action-reaction pair.
4.6 Types of Forces: An Overview In nature there are two general types of forces, fundamental and nonfundamental. Fundamental Forces 1. Gravitational force 2. Strong Nuclear force 3. Electroweak force
4.6 Types of Forces: An Overview Examples of nonfundamental forces: friction tension in a rope normal or support forces
4.7 The Gravitational Force Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation Every particle in the universe exerts an attractive force on every other particle. He said gravity is universal. The force that each exerts on the other is directed along the line joining the particles.
4.7 The Gravitational Force For two particles that have masses m1 and m2and are separated by a distance r, the force has a magnitude given by
4.9 Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces When the two surfaces are not sliding across one another the friction is called static friction.
4.9 Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces The magnitude of the static frictional force can have any value from zero up to a maximum value. is called the coefficient of static friction.
4.9 Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces Note that the magnitude of the frictional force does NOT depend on the contact area of the surfaces.
4.9 Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces Static friction opposes the impending relative motion between two objects. Kinetic friction opposes the relative sliding motion motions that actually does occur. is called the coefficient of kinetic friction.
4.10 The Tension Force Cables and ropes transmit forces through tension.
4.11 Equilibrium Application of Newton’s Laws of Motion Definition of Equilibrium An object is in equilibrium when it has zero acceleration.
4.12 Nonequilibrium Application of Newton’s Laws of Motion When an object is accelerating, it is not in equilibrium.
5.1 Uniform Circular Motion Let T be the time it takes for the object to travel once around the circle.
5.2 Centripetal Acceleration The direction of the centripetal acceleration is towards the center of the circle; in the same direction as the change in velocity.
5.3 Centripetal Force Recall Newton’s Second Law When a net external force acts on an object of mass m, the acceleration that results is directly proportional to the net force and has a magnitude that is inversely proportional to the mass. The direction of the acceleration is the same as the direction of the net force.
5.3 Centripetal Force Thus, in uniform circular motion there must be a net force to produce the centripetal acceleration. The centripetal force is the name given to the net force required to keep an object moving on a circular path. The direction of the centripetal force always points toward the center of the circle and continually changes direction as the object moves.
6.2 The Work-Energy Theorem and Kinetic Energy THE WORK-ENERGY THEOREM When a net external force does work on and object, the kinetic energy of the object changes according to
6.3 Gravitational Potential Energy DEFINITION OF GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY The gravitational potential energy PE is the energy that an object of mass m has by virtue of its position relative to the surface of the earth. That position is measured by the height h of the object relative to an arbitrary zero level:
6.4 Conservative Versus Nonconservative Forces Version 1 A force is conservative when the work it does on a moving object is independent of the path between the object’s initial and final positions.
