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Physics 1251 The Science and Technology of Musical Sound

Physics 1251 The Science and Technology of Musical Sound. Unit 2 Session 13 MWF Sound Intensity Level and dB. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB. Foolscap Quiz:

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Physics 1251 The Science and Technology of Musical Sound

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  1. Physics 1251The Science and Technology of Musical Sound Unit 2 Session 13 MWF Sound Intensity Level and dB

  2. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB Foolscap Quiz: What organ, located in the inner ear, is responsible for transforming mechanical vibrations into neural impulses? How does it discriminate different pitches? The Cochlea. Different places on the Basilar Membrane are excited by different frequencies as revealed by the Nobel-prize-winning work of Bekesy.

  3. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB Anatomy of Ear Middle Ear Outer Ear Inner Ear

  4. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB Cochlea (micrograph) “The Snail” • o~ oval window • r~ round window 2 mm

  5. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB Structure of Cochlea 1. Spiral cone 2. Divided by Basilar Membrane 3. In on top half 4. Out on bottom 5. “Sloshing “

  6. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB Microstructure of Cochlea Basilar ——————→ Membrane ↑ Organ of Corti ↑ Auditory Nerve → →

  7. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB Detail of Hair Cell N.B. (Nota Bene): Hair cells have nothingto do with hair that grows in the skin. HC s are vibration senseorgans.

  8. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB Outer Hair Cell in Cross Section

  9. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB Cilia Displacement vs Location on Basilar Membrane 2800 Hz Relative Response Position

  10. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB Cilia Displacement vs Location on Basilar Membrane 400 Hz Relative Response Position

  11. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB Peak Frequency of Response vs Location on Basilar Membrane f [Hz] Distance from Stapes (cm)

  12. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB Georg von Békésy (1899-1972) 1961 Nobel Prize in Medicine Demonstrated resonance of Basilar Membrane

  13. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB 1′ Lecture: The objective relative intensity level of sound is quantified as the Sound Intensity Level (SIL) and is measured in deciBel (dB), where SIL = 10 Log( I / Ithreshold ) .

  14. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB 80/20The Intensity of a sound wave is the energy radiated per unit time per unit area. [W/m2] FYI: Time Averaged Intensity < I > < I > = 0.0012 pmax2 For air, with [ p ] = [Pa] and [ I ] = [W/m2] < I >= < p‧ udisplacement > = ½ pmax2/ ρv

  15. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB “Resonant” Frequency vs Location on Basilar Membrane 20 kHz Range of Maximum Sensitivity 20 Hz

  16. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB 80/20The frequency range of detectability for humans is approximately 20 Hz to 20 kHz. 80/20Humans are most sensitive in the frequency range 2 kHz to 5 kHz.

  17. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB 80/20The lowest detectable intensity (the threshold of hearing Ithreshold ) is about 1 pW/m 2 or 1x10 -12 W/m 2 . 80/20The intensity at which one experiences pain (the threshold of pain) is about 1 W/m 2 .

  18. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB Hair Cell (Stereocilium) is a Neuron

  19. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB Hair Cell (Stereocilium) is a Neuron • Neuron has threshold for simulation • Neuron “fires” (is either on or off) • Firing Neurons inhibit neighbors

  20. Response (sensation) Threshold of Hearing 10 -12 Watt/m2 Desensitization with greater stimulus Stimulus (Intensity) Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB Consequence: Threshold and Non-linear Response

  21. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB Hair Cells in the Basilar Membrane Neuronal Response of Hair Cells Neuron fires and neighbors are inhibited Larger No increased response Stimulus No response

  22. No larger response because of inhibition Attenuated response to much larger stimulus Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB Neuronal Response of Hair Cells

  23. Response (sensation) Stimulus (Intensity) Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB Consequence: Threshold and Non-linear Response Threshold of Pain1 Watt/m2

  24. 130 120 110 100 Ithreshold = 10 -12 W/m2 90 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB Logarithm of Stimulus vs Response SIL = 10 Log( I/Ithreshold) Response Log (Stimulus/ Ithreshold )

  25. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB Mathematical Digression ☠ Peligro ☠ ☠ Danger ☠ Logarithms Log(N) ☠ Lebensgefahr ☠ ☠ Attention Logarithm = “ratio arithmetic” Log (x) = L,such that 10 L = x. The power of 10 that will produce a number x when 10 is raised to that power is called the Logarithm (on the base 10) of the number.

  26. 1.0 .9 .8 Log(x) .7 .6 .5 .4 .3 .2 .1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB The “LOG(x)” Function Log(10) =1 Log(9) =0.95 Log(8) =0.90 Log(7) =0.85 Log(6) =0.78 Log(5) =0.70 Log(4) =0.60 Log(3) =0.48 Log(2) =0.30 Log(1) =0

  27. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB Some Useful Facts about Logarithms: Log( x ‧ y) = Log (x) + Log (y) Log( x / y) = Log (x) – Log (y) Log( x p) = p Log ( x ) Thus, in scientific notation: Log ( z ‧ 10 n) = Log ( z ) + n

  28. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB 80/20Sound Intensity Level: SIL = 10 Log ( I / I threshold ). The Sound Intensity Level is 10 times the logarithm of the ratio of the intensity of a sound and the threshold of hearing. The units of SIL are deciBel or dB. I = I threshold 10 SIL/10

  29. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB 80/20Just Noticeable Difference (JND) is the limen of difference that elicits 75% correct answers in a Two Alternative Forced-Choice test (2AFC test).

  30. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB Why 75%? In 2 Alternative Forced Choice: • 50% correct means random choice • 100% means can always tell the difference. • Thus, 75% is halfway between random and certainty.

  31. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB 80/20Just Noticeable Difference (JND) is the limen of difference that elicits 75% in a Two Alternative Forced-Choice test (2AFC test). The limen of intensity is a ratio of about 1.26 which corresponds to a SIL difference of 1 dB. 10 Log( 1.26 ) = 1.0

  32. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB Calculator Practice: Log( 1) = Log( 10 ) = Log( 100 ) = Log( 2 ) = Log( 20 ) = Log( 200 ) = 0 1 2 0.301 1.301 2.301

  33. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB Calculator Practice: SIL: 10 Log( 1) = 10 Log( 10 ) = 10 Log( 100 ) = 10 Log( 2 ) = 10 Log( 20 ) = 10 Log( 200 ) = 0 dB 10 dB 20 dB 3.0 dB 13.0 dB 23.0 dB

  34. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB Musical Dynamics Pianissimo: pp very soft: 50 dB Piano: p soft: 60 dB Mezzopiano: mp medium soft: 66 dB Mezzoforte: mf medium loud: 76 dB Forte: f loud: 80 dB Fortissimo: ff very loud: 90 dB Fortississimo: fff Very, very loud: 100 dB

  35. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB The Mob Chorus: • “Rhubard!” • “Donnybrook!” • “Dust up!”

  36. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB Musical Dynamics Pianissimo: pp very soft: 50 dB Piano: p soft: 60 dB Mezzopiano: mp medium soft: 66 dB Mezzoforte: mf medium loud: 76 dB Forte: f loud: 80 dB Fortissimo: ff very loud: 90 dB Fortississimo: fff Very, very loud: 100 dB

  37. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB Musical Dynamics Pianissimo: pp very soft: 50 dB Piano: p soft: 60 dB Mezzopiano: mp medium soft: 66 dB Mezzoforte: mf medium loud: 76 dB Forte: f loud: 80 dB Fortissimo: ff very loud: 90 dB Fortississimo: fff Very, very loud: 100 dB

  38. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB Musical Dynamics Pianissimo: pp very soft: 50 dB Piano: p soft: 60 dB Mezzopiano: mp medium soft: 66 dB Mezzoforte: mf medium loud: 76 dB Forte: f loud: 80 dB Fortissimo: ff very loud: 90 dB Fortississimo: fff Very, very loud: 100 dB

  39. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB Musical Dynamics Pianissimo: pp very soft: 50 dB Piano: p soft: 60 dB Mezzopiano: mp medium soft: 66 dB Mezzoforte: mf medium loud: 76 dB Forte: f loud: 80 dB Fortissimo: ff very loud: 90 dB Fortississimo: fff Very, very loud: 100 dB

  40. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB Musical Dynamics Pianissimo: pp very soft: 50 dB Piano: p soft: 60 dB Mezzopiano: mp medium soft: 66 dB Mezzoforte: mf medium loud: 76 dB Forte: f loud: 80 dB Fortissimo: ff very loud: 90 dB Fortississimo: fff Very, very loud: 100 dB

  41. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB Musical Dynamics Pianissimo: pp very soft: 50 dB Piano: p soft: 60 dB Mezzopiano: mp medium soft: 66 dB Mezzoforte: mf medium loud: 76 dB Forte: f loud: 80 dB Fortissimo: ff very loud: 90 dB Fortississimo: fff Very, very loud: 100 dB

  42. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB Musical Dynamics Pianissimo: pp very soft: 50 dB Piano: p soft: 60 dB Mezzopiano: mp medium soft: 66 dB Mezzoforte: mf medium loud: 76 dB Forte: f loud: 80 dB Fortissimo: ff very loud: 90 dB Fortississimo: fff Very,very loud: 100 dB

  43. Physics 1251 Unit 2 Session 13 Sound Intensity Level and dB Summary: • The objective sound level is measuredby SIL in dB. • SIL = 10 Log (I /Ithreshold) . • 0 dB corresponds to an intensity of 1 pW/m2. • The threshold of pain is 120 dB.

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