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Electric Shock Therapy

Electric Shock Therapy. Good or bad?. Katie Robinson. History. Traces back to Hippocrates Malaria-induced convulsions cure the insane Convulsions and insanity cannot coexist. Julius Wagner- Jauregg. Austria. 1917. Noticed patients that survive high fevers become more sane

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Electric Shock Therapy

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  1. Electric Shock Therapy Good or bad? Katie Robinson

  2. History • Traces back to Hippocrates • Malaria-induced convulsions cure the insane • Convulsions and insanity cannot coexist

  3. Julius Wagner-Jauregg Austria

  4. 1917 • Noticed patients that survive high fevers become more sane • Injected 9 chronic paresis patients with malaria • Four completely recovered, two improved

  5. Performed complicated treatment on 275 people at risk for paresis • 83% of people did not develop paresis • Awarded Nobel Prize in 1927 for his work

  6. Manfred J. Sakel Berlin, Germany

  7. 1927 • Working as an internist at Lichterfelde Hospital for Mental Diseases • Injected morphine addict with insulin • Caused an artificial coma – showed improvement mentally

  8. Overdose of insulin cause convulsions • Improved technique became “Sakel’s Technique” • Significant for psychiatry – first effective treatment for schizophrenia

  9. Survey - 1939 • American Psychiatric Association • 1757 schizophrenic patients

  10. Pennsylvania Hospital performed survey • 63% improved immediately • 42% improved within two years • More studies found results were temporary

  11. Ladislaus von Meduna Budapest

  12. 1933 • Unaware of Sakel’s discoveries • Experimented on animals first • Metrazolinduced convulsions

  13. 110 people – 50% improved, some cured • Violent seizures – spine fractures in 42% of • patients

  14. UgoCerletti

  15. Previously studied epileptics • Worked with LucioBini and L. B. Kalinowski • Tested electric shocks on mice

  16. Vast improvement in patients • 10-20 shocks on alternating days • Caused memory loss and distorted memory • of shock

  17. 1970’s • Used on unruly patients • Unstrapped and unmedicated

  18. Now

  19. General anesthesia and muscle relaxers • Typical number of shocks: 6-12 • Electrodes place on the head

  20. Side effects • Memory loss – short & long term • Studies shown memories can be retrieved • Some patients still have memory loss

  21. Study in July 2007 – some cognitive problems • Concerns about effects on brain structure • Inconclusive studies

  22. Famous people Who have received electric shock therapy • Ernest Hemingway (writer)– committed suicide • Silvia Path (poet) – committed suicide • Robert Lowell (poet) • Lou Reed (rock star)

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