1 / 68

Holocaust Studies Unit 3: Liberation

Holocaust Studies Unit 3: Liberation. Newspaper Headline Analysis:. Using the newspaper archives from the British Columbian newspaper archive at: http://www.hopesite.ca/remember/history/news_archives/archive_toc.html

naomi-buckner
Télécharger la présentation

Holocaust Studies Unit 3: Liberation

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Holocaust StudiesUnit 3: Liberation

  2. Newspaper Headline Analysis: • Using the newspaper archives from the British Columbian newspaper archive at: http://www.hopesite.ca/remember/history/news_archives/archive_toc.html • Chose and read at least 4 articles about the early years of the Holocaust. After reading all of the articles, use that information to answer the following questions. • Was the coverage of the events accurate? Was it complete? • Could the media have done more to bring attention to the Holocaust or help its victims? • What should the role of newspapers and magazines be in reporting events such as this? • How do you think this trend played out in the American newspapers of the same time period?

  3. I. Rescuers

  4. A. Pope Pius XII 1. Started as indifferent • Separated Politics & • Religion • 1933 Concordat: • Hitler allowed open practice of Catholics 2. 1939: began to aid Jews a. 3,000 visas for Jews b. Ordered Catholic institutions to hide Jews & provide money 3. No public denouncement of Nazi actions

  5. B. Zegota 1. Helped Jews escape Ghettos in Poland: 1942-45 a. Saved estimated 400,000-500,000 2. Funded by the Polish Government in exile a. Money, medical attention, forged documents, and foster homes • Headed by Julian Grobelny: code • name “Trojan” a. Found hiding places for Jews 4. Irena Sendler: code name “Jolanta” • Saved 2,500 children, hid them • with Christian families

  6. C. Raoul Wallenburg 1. Swedish diplomat • Gave fake documents to • Hungarian Jews • Saved 100,000 between • 1944-45 2. Arrested by Soviets & died in a labor camp

  7. D. Varian Fry 1. American Journalist • Head of the American Rescue • Committee 3. Traveled to Vichy France • Rescued Gestapo’s most • wanted • Intellectuals, artists, unionists, British & • French soldiers b. Saved 2,000 people

  8. E. Oskar Schindler 1. Nazi Party member 2. Entrepreneur & businessman from Brennlitz, Czechoslovakia a. Black market deals • Set up a factory for • Jewish workers • Made cookware & later • ammunition for Germany 4. Bribed Nazi officials to save 2,000 Jews

  9. A survivor stated:I don't know what his motives were... But I don't give a damn. What's important is that he saved our lives. Schindler answered this question however after the war: If you saw a dog going to be crushed under a car, wouldn't you help him?

  10. F. Chiune Sugihara 1. Japanese consul in Lithuania • Polish refugees & Lithuanian • Jews came to him for help • Soviets allowed safe passage • with passes c. Japanese refused to give visas • Signed 300/day until • he was called home • Gave the papers & stamp • to a Jew to continue d. Saved 6,000 Jews

  11. II. Resistance Movements A. Operation Valkyrie • July 20, 1944: failed assassination • attempt on Hitler • Col. Stauffenberg left a bomb • under a table at the Wolf’s Lair • Several Military & Civilian leaders were involved i. To get better surrender terms c. Hitler had 4,000 killed for involvement

  12. B. The White Rose: Summer 1942-43 1. University of Munich student organization a. Convince Germany that Hitler had used them • Led by Hans & Sophie Scholl & Christopher Probst i. Published pamphlets calling for resistance • Tried for treason & beheaded: February 22, • 1943

  13. Rosenstrasse: Jewish Community Center, Berlin 1. February 27, 1943 • Goebbels ordered the SS & Gestapo to clean the city of Jews i. 8,000 sent to Auschwitz • 2,000 men married to non-Jews held in the center a. Wives came for information, but did not get it b. 6,000 came for a week in protest 2. March 6: men held were released

  14. SS vs. Protestors Community Center

  15. What would you do? 1) If you were imprisoned by the Nazis in a concentration or death camp, in what ways would your try to resist? (Try to name at least five ways) 2) If you were a Nazi officer assigned to a concentration or death camp, what would you do to ensure resistance efforts by prisoners failed? (Try to name at least five ways)

  16. III. Warsaw Ghetto Uprising A. September 5, 1942: Jews moved into the Ghetto 1. Deportations began: 10,000 per day 2. Jewish Combat Organization (ZOB)(Zydowska Organizacja Bojowa ): formed to resist SS a. Gained weapons from outside the wall Founder: Mordecai Anielewicz

  17. b. Built secret bunkers with tunnels to connect them • Destroyed factories before they could be moved by • Nazis d. Weed out the informants and traitors e. Stop the deportations at all costs

  18. 3. January 18, 1943: SS surrounded the area a. 3 days of fighting = SS pushed back • Gained weapons from the Polish resistance & created smaller fighting teams ii. Himmler ordered it taken with extreme violence 4. April 19, 1942: 2,000 troops & tanks entered a. ZOB fighters forced them back b. SS brought in artillery & more tanks • Forced out by small arms, homemade mines & • gasoline bombs

  19. 5. SS set the Ghetto on Fire • ZOB set fire to the warehouse with stolen Jewish • property 6. Germans cut the gas, water, and power 7. May 8: SS found the ZOB headquarters a. Leaders committed suicide 8. May 16: fighting ended a. Remaining were killed or deported b. Ghetto burned to the ground

  20. Summary Activity: Option 1: After discussing the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and watching the film Uprising, you will be creating a visual memorial for the events and participants of the uprising. This memorial may be either created by hand with your own artwork, lettering, and physical cut and pasting, or it can be created using a digital media application/software and submitted digitally. Two things that you need to consider when preparing for this: 1) What images will accurately and appropriately memorialize this event? 2) What is the most effective way to organize and display these images?

  21. Summary Activity: Option 2: After discussing the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and watching the film Uprising, you will be creating 2 diary entries pertaining to daily life in the ghetto or relating to events during the uprising. (1 page, typed, double spaced, Times New Roman 12 font each). Grammar and content are equal components in the grade. Two things that you need to consider when preparing for this: 1) What information/events will accurately and appropriately depict this event/these conditions? 2) What is the most effective way to organize these entries so that they are easy to read and make sense to the reader?

  22. Summary Activity: Option 3: After discussing the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and watching the film Uprising, you will be creating an underground ghetto newspaper/newsletter. (1 page, typed, double spaced, Times New Roman 12 font using the newsletter template in MS Word). Grammar and content are equal components in the grade. Two things that you need to consider when preparing for this: 1) What information/events would Jews in the ghetto need to know, what rumors would they try to start or stop to keep people at ease, and what news would they likely get from the outside? 2) The publishers were also in the ghetto, so they got limited outside information, and only published these about once a month, so include news for the month.

  23. IV. Resistance in the Camps A. Sabotage • Slow work, break machines, too sick to work, • mistakes & defects in products B. Daily Life • Smuggled food, made items, religious services, • education, hid children/pregnant women C. Rebellion D. Escape 1. Had to survive with no help 2. Constantly being hunted

  24. E. Treblinka: (2nd largest death camp) • Sonderkommando knew the end was near = planned an • uprising 2. August 2, 1943 a. Took axes, wire cutters, weapons, & grenades b. Sprayed buildings with gasoline c. Attack started early and fell into chaos i. 400 killed in the camp, 400 escaped (100 survived) ii. 30 guards killed 3. Remaining prisoners dismantled the camp & then killed a. Site was turned into a farm

  25. F. Sobibor 1. October 14, 1943 • Sonderkommando killed SS guards & returned to • the camp b. Plan: walk through the main gates after roll call c. Plan fell apart • Women screamed during the violence & guards • were alerted ii. Escape went through fences = minefields iii. 300 fled: 200 survived d. 48 guards killed 2. Camp dismantled & replaced with a farm

  26. G. Auschwitz 1. 300 sonderkommandos knew their death was near a. Stole weapons & attacked Crematorium 4 i. Destroyed it with SS explosives b. Workers in Crematorium 2 cut the fence & escaped i. 500 escaped: all caught & killed • January 17, 1944: inmates moved to other camps • or killed before the Russians arrived • January 20: SS destroyed the other crematoriums • & much of the camp

  27. V. Liberation • Allied forces began to break into Nazi controlled • nations in 1944 1. Russians found Majdanek & other death camps 2. Americans & British began to find labor camps B. Germans rushed to hide their atrocities 1. Kill the inmates & burn the bodies & camps • Allies began to film/record what they had found & • help the survivors

  28. VI. Displaced Persons (DP) Camps A. May 7, 1945: V-E Day 1. United Nations Relief & Rehabilitation Agency a. Helped to get people home & reunite families • Allied forces took care of the health & food needs • of the survivors

  29. a. Many died from eating: sugar & caloric shock i. West: 60,000 liberated: 20,000 died in a week • Most weighed 60-80 lbs: down 50-60% body • weight • Numbers increased to 300,000 • as more arrived • Some returning home were killed • by Nazi sympathizers

  30. 11,000,000 murdered!

  31. Who did the Nazis murder? * Jews * Gypsies * Handicapped * Slavs - Russians, Poles, Serbs, Croats, Byeloruss, Bulgarians, Romanians, Moldavians, Slovenes, Slovaks, etc. * Anyone who opposed the Nazis

  32. Nazi Death Count OVER 11 MILLION PEOPLE MURDERED Special Action Squads, Ghettos, Labor Camps, & Death Camps Jews 6 million Russian POWs 3 million Poles 2 million Gypsies 200,000

  33. National Holocaust Museum: Tower of Life

  34. Extending & Refining Activity: Actions have consequences. Some consequences are short term, such as not studying for a test leads to a lower grade. Some are longer reaching, such as poor grades in school can lead to lower/slower career advancement or increased chances of ending up in prison. What about the Holocaust? What are its short term and long term consequences? Take a minute and try to brainstorm possible consequences. Now working with a partner, create a list of at least three short term and three long term consequences for the Holocaust. We will be discussing your ideas and creating a diagram of them in approximately five minutes, so work fast.

  35. Activating Strategy: Think about each of the following questions and discuss them with the person sitting beside you. • What kind of behavior should be allowed in war? Explain what you mean. • How should a government treat its citizens? Should it protect all citizens or just some? • How should a government treat people who reside in their • country, but are not citizens? • Should SS officials who said that they followed Hitler’s orders • be held responsible for the murder of the Jews and the mistreatment of the other groups targeted in the Holocaust? • Should people who did nothing to help the Jews be held morally • responsible for murder? Why or why not?

  36. VII. Nuremberg Trials A. United Nations War Crimes Commission • Investigate the crimes of individuals & • organizations of the Reich 2. 3 categories of crimes • Crimes Against Peace: starting or participating • in a war • War Crimes: murder, ill-treatment, targeting • civilians • Crimes Against Humanity: inhuman acts • committed against people based on race, religion or politics

  37. International Military Tribunal:, October 1 to November • 20, 1945 • Trials held at the Palace (Halls) of Justice in • Nuremberg a. 22 leaders put on trial: 20 claimed not guilty i. 12 executed, 3 life, 4 shorter terms, 3 innocent C. Other trials held from 1945-49 D. Some escaped to other countries • Josef Mengele: Paraguay (died in 1977 of a swimming • accident) • Nacelles Scoffer (camp Guard): Pennsylvania • (returned to Romania for trial in January 2000) *pg 202-212 more examples

  38. VIII. Creation of Israel/Zionism • Allied nations did not welcome large numbers of • Jewish refugees • Nazi controlled nations were too weak to provide • for or protect them • Americans, UN, & Red Cross did what they could in • DP Camps B. 200,000 moved to Palestine between 1945-48 • 1948: British and Americans created Israel & • vowed to protect them • May 14, 1948: Israel was a nation: flew the Star of • David in pride

  39. Discussion Points: * Is it possible for another Holocaust to occur? * What events or conditions would be needed? * What role do white supremacist groups or Palestinian liberation groups play in persecuting or discriminating against Jews today?

  40. IX. Holocaust Denial A. Disguises for Denial • Revisionists: claim new evidence or a new • interpretation • Relativism: point to minor “inconsistencies” or • other conditions as reason to ignore • Reversal: Jews are as bad as the Nazis • (treatment of Palestinians)

  41. B. Origins: the Nazis 1. Nazis hid their actions from the beginning a. No written orders from Hitler on the Final Solution b. Use of code words in orders pertaining to it c. Unit 1005: exhume mass graves and burn the bodies d. Dismantling of Belzec, Treblinka, & Sobibor • Himmler’s speech in Poznan October 1943: • “The destruction of the Jews is a glorious page in history, which has not been recorded and will never be.”

  42. Paul Rassinier: created the main • arguments in 1948 • No plan for systematic annihilation of Jews 2. Only 1 million Jews killed 3. Jews declared war on Germany • Survivor Testimonies were • exaggerated

  43. Arthur Butz: Electrical Engineering • Professor 1. The Hoax of the Twentieth Century a. 6 million is a false number b. Jews spread stories as propaganda • Auschwitz documents did not • mention gas chambers d. Zyklon B was only a disinfectant • Eichmann plead guilty because • he could not win f. Testimony = lies, use only documents g. Jews created it to get Israel

  44. David Irving: British Military • Historian 1. Hitler’s War, 1977 • Hitler never ordered Jews • to be killed • Hitler never knew about • the Final Solution or the death camps

  45. F. Holocaust Truth is based on the following sources 1. German military, civil, & personal documents 2. Jewish documents & testimonies • Documents & recollections of those who lived near the • camps & resistance members 4. Documents captured by the Russians in the east 5. Testimony and evidence presented at the Nuremberg Trials 6. Declassified military intelligence from the war 7. Film & photos taken by allied forces

More Related