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Cannabis sativa and C. indica

Cannabis sativa and C. indica. Cannabis sativa and C. indica. Cannabis sativa x indica hybrid. High tech Cannabis growing in the Netherlands. Effects of Indigenous People on the Natural World. Yanomami farm clearing Amazonia. North America – extinction of the Pleistocene Megafauna.

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Cannabis sativa and C. indica

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  1. Cannabis sativa and C. indica

  2. Cannabis sativa and C. indica

  3. Cannabis sativa x indica hybrid

  4. High tech Cannabis growingin the Netherlands

  5. Effects of Indigenous People on the Natural World Yanomami farm clearing Amazonia

  6. North America – extinction of the Pleistocene Megafauna • 12,000 years ago, the central grasslands of North America harbored an extremely diverse group of large mammals - antelopes, horses, cheetahs, giant ground sloths, mammoths, mastodons • Within 1,000 years 33 genera of large mammals had gone extinct in North America • This is compared with 20 genera of large mammals going extinct in North America in the previous 3 million years

  7. Woolly Mammoth

  8. Giant Elk and Mammoth

  9. Giant Ground Sloth – 4 m tall

  10. Dire wolf – Canis dirus

  11. Extinction in Madagascar • People arrived in Madagascar 1500 to 2000 years ago and wiped out two giant tortoise species, a bear-sized giant lemur, a small species of hippotamus, several other mammals, and several species of large flightless elephant birds

  12. Elephant Bird

  13. Extinctions in New Zealand • Maori’s arrived in New Zealand about 1,000 years ago - hunting together with changes in the landscape due to human use of fire, lead to the extinction of 11 species of moas (large flightless birds ranging in size from turkey to much larger than an ostrich) by 1700; also driven extinct were 5 species of rail and 6 species of waterfowl

  14. Small Moa

  15. Giant Moa Skeleton – with Kiwi and Ostrich

  16. Extinctions in the Hawaiian Islands • 44 species of endemic land birds out of 82 went extinct between the arrival of the Polynesians and the Europeans • Habitat change was probably important, but so was hunting of flightless geese, ibises and rails

  17. Nene – Hawaiian flightless goose

  18. Extinctions Following European Arrival in North America • The passenger pigeon, heath hen, Carolina parakeet, Labrador duck, and Great Auk were hunted to extinction; bison, beaver, turkey, and white-tailed deer were greatly reduced in population; whales were pursued around the world by New England whalers and many were almost reduced to extinction

  19. Carolina Parakeet

  20. Labrador Duck

  21. Great Auk

  22. Loss of Prairie and Forests in Midwest

  23. Slash and burn or Swidden Agriculture

  24. Slash and burn – early in clearing stage – aerial view

  25. Slash and burn – burning cleared site

  26. Cultivation of slash and burn site – mainly manioc growing

  27. Manioc or Cassava – Manihot esculenta

  28. Fallow period of end of cultivation – Slash and Burn

  29. Swidden Agriculture in Germany and Finland

  30. Ethnobotany and Conservation Rattan harvest Southeast Asia

  31. Reserves and the Padaung People

  32. Extractive Reserves – First Established in Brazil

  33. Rubber Tappers and Chico Mendes

  34. Establishment of Extractive Reserves in Peru and Ecuador

  35. Use of Plants for Food Medicine in Amazonia • The Chacabo use 78.7% of the tree species • The Ka’apor in Brazil use 76.8% of the tree species • The Tembe in Brazil use 61.3% of the tree species • The Panare in Venezuela use 48.6% of the tree species

  36. Use of Plants for Food Medicine in Amazonia • The Chacabo were first contacted by the Summer Institute of Linguistics in 1955. • The Ka’apor were “pacified” in 1928. • The Tembe were “pacified” in the 1850’s. • The Panare have been in contact with non-Indians since the Spanish explored the middle Orinoco region in the 1600’s.

  37. Families of Special Conservation Concern • Palm family Areaceae (food, fiber, shelter) • Brazil nut family Lecythidaceae (food) • Chrysobalanaceae (related to roses - food, medicine), • The hallucinogenic caapi vine family Malpighiaceae (medicines)

  38. Economic Valuation Alwyn Gentry and Colleagues

  39. Calculations • $6330 – value of fruit and latex harvested per hectare per year in Peru • $490 – sustainable harvest of timber – so total value of $6820 per year • $3184 – tree farming in Brazil per hectare per year • $2690 – price per hectare of cattle ranching land in Brazil • $148 per year profit from cattle ranching per hectare in Brazil • $564 worth of medicine per hectare from 30 year old forest in Belize • $3054 worth of medicine per hectare from 50 year old forest in Belize

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