THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848 AND THE INTERNATIONAL ORDER

1. THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848 AND THEINTERNATIONAL ORDER The virtues of the Vienna peace settlement can be seen from the fact that no conflict between Great Powers erupted over developments that could easily have caused war: • The movement to abolish the trans-Atlantic slave trade • The Greek War of Independence (1821-1830) • The revolutions of 1830, which caused France to withdraw from the conference system and Belgium to secede from the Netherlands. • The far more widespread revolutions of 1848. By 1848, however, Metternich’s premise that all governments should be based on “dynastic legitimacy” had been utterly discredited.

2. A major recession struck soon after Louis Philippe came to power: “A Free People, Whose Happiness Begins” (French cartoon from October 1831)

3. Poor Lyon silk weavers launched major uprisings in 1831 & 1834: “Horrible Massacre at Lyon, 9 April 1834”

4. K. W. Hübner, “The Silesian Weavers,” 1844(as in Lyon, these linen weavers revolted in 1844)

5. “Hunger and Despair” “Government Assistance” (Satirical cartoon, Berlin, 1847)

6. “The Seizure” (Austria, 1847)

7. The spread of popular uprisings in 1848:Bad harvests & unemployment created fuel for an explosion Feb 22: Paris Feb 27: Baden (Offenburg Program) Mar 13: Vienna Mar 15: Budapest Mar 18: Berlin Mar 18: Milan Mar 19: Munich May 3: Dresden June 9: Bucharest

8. “Lamartine before City Hall, 25 February 1848.”The Paris crowd hailed a provisional government for the 2nd Republic led by a Romantic poet and the socialist Louis Blanc.But rural voters elected a more conservative legislature in April

9. Frédéric Sorrieu, “The Universal, Democratic, and Social Republic: The Marketplace” (spring 1848)

10. “The Universal, Democratic, and Social Republic: The Pact”(Christ blesses the union of the free peoples of Europe)

11. “The Triumph of the Universal, Democratic, and Social Republic”(children of the 4 continents drive the chariot; slaves are freed)

12. “Invasion of the Assembly,” Paris, 15 May 1848:The democratic clubs demanded war to liberate Poland

13. Ernest Meissonier, “The Barricade,”aftermath of the June Days of 1848, when the Second Republic suppressed the democratic clubs

14. Louis-Napoleon(1808-1873) • Son of Louis Bonaparte (King of Holland) • Raised in Switzerland and Bavaria • Joined the carbonari in Italy • Banished to England in 1831 • Coup attempts in 1836 and 1840 • Elected French President with 75% of the popular vote in December 1848

15. “Prince Louis Napoleon, President of the Republic, Decorating the Carter, Jean-Baptiste Pruvost, with the Legion of Honor at Saint-Quentin” (June 1850)

16. Louis Napoleon seized power in December 1851 and drove 100,000 republicans into exile:Daumier, “The Fugitives” (ca. 1868)

17. “Cavalry Attack at the Municipal Armory,” Vienna, March 13, 1848

18. “The Fall of Metternich, 13 March 1848”(All the other ministers told the Kaiser that he must go.)

19. J.C. Schoeller, “Caricature of Metternich’s Flight,” 1848

20. Lajos Kossuth (1802-1894):The George Washington of the Hungarian Revolution, who led the resistance to Austrian and Russian invaders until August 1849

21. Magyar revolutionaries had little sympathy forthe aspirations of Croats, Rumanians, Ukrainians, & Slovaks

22. Berliners celebrate on the barricades on the evening of March 18, 1848 (royal palace in background)

23. Ceremonial opening of the National Assembly in St. Paul’s Church, Frankfurt a.M., May 18, 1848:All German states held democratic elections for an assembly to write a federal constitution for Germany

24. FRANCIS PALACKY (1798-1876) refuses to come from Prague to Frankfurt to help organize the election of a German National Assembly, 11 April 1848 • “The object of your assembly is to establish a federation of the German nation in place of the existing federation of princes, to guide the German nation to real unity…. Although I respect such effort…, I cannot participate in it in any manner whatsoever. I am not a German---at least I do not feel myself to be one. I am a Czech of Slavonic blood, and with all the little I possess and all the little I can do, I have devoted myself for all time to the service of my nation. That nation is a small one, it is true, but from time immemorial it has been a nation of itself and based upon its own strength. Its rulers were from olden times members of the federation of German princes [the Holy Roman Empire], but the nation never regarded itself as pertaining to the German nation.” • Palacky helped instead to organize an international “Slav Congress” in Prague to support the preservation of the Austrian Empire with more provincial autonomy as the best shield against Russia.

25. German War Flag, 1848 (with Habsburg Eagle): At first the Frankfurt Assembly hoped to ally with the Habsburgs

26. The new flag and the Goddess of Liberty parade through Cologne during a short-lived republican uprising in September 1848

27. The Republicans Friedrich Hecker & Gustav Struve seized power in Baden

28. Imperial (Croatian) troops storm Vienna in October 1848 to restore Emperor Franz Joseph; 4,000 men died

29. The Berlin Citizens’ Militia agrees that the Prussian Army should occupy the city, 10 November 1848

30. “A New Method for Granting a Constitution” (Berlin, December 1848): Frederick William IV was in charge

31. Delegates from Frankfurt offer to crown Frederick William IV as German Kaiser, Berlin, April 3, 1849 He refused the offer unless it was approved by his brother German monarchs. Most of the Frankfurt delegates then gave up on their quest for national unity and went home.

32. Prussian troops advance against the revolutionary army of Baden (including Friedrich Engels), June 22, 1849

33. France, Prussia, & Austria sweep the revolutionaries out of Europe (1849)

35. CONSEQUENCES OF THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848