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Language

Language. Terms and examples. North American Native languages. Mutual intelligibility. When two people can understand each other when speaking.

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Language

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  1. Language Terms and examples

  2. North American Native languages

  3. Mutual intelligibility • When two people can understand each other when speaking. • Sometimes it’s two dialects or can be two related languages: Danish and Norwegian, Serbian and Croatian, Hindi and Urdu, Spanish and Portuguese and Italian. • Dialect chain: a set of contiguous dialects in which the dialects nearest to each other at any place in the chain are most closely related. • All show the complexity of language.

  4. How are Languages Formed? • Can find linkages among languages by examining sound shifts – a slight change in a word across languages over time. eg. Milk = lacte in Latin latta in Italian leche in Spanish lait in French

  5. How are Languages Formed? • Language divergence – When a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects and then new languages. Language convergence – When peoples with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one.

  6. How do Linguists Study Historical Languages? • Backward reconstruction – tracking sound shifts and the hardening of consonants backward to reveal an “original” language. • Can deduce the vocabulary of an extinct language. • Can recreate ancient languages (deep reconstruction) • Efforts are being made to reconstruct Nostratic

  7. Searching for the primordial tongue • Using controversial techniques, linguists seek the more elusive prehistoric tongues • Nostratic—ancestral speech of the Middle East 12,000 to 20,000 years ago • Ancestral to nine modern language families • A 500-word dictionary has been compiled • Contemporary with Nostratic were other ancient tongues including Dene-Caucasian

  8. Searching for the primordial tongue • Dene-Caucasian reputedly gave rise to Sino-Tibetan, Basque, and one form of early Native-American called Na-Dene • Scholars are attempting to find the original linguistic hearth • MAY have arisen in Africa perhaps 250,000 years ago and diffused from there

  9. Historical Linkages among Languages • Indo-European language family • Proto-Indo-European language • Nostratic Language

  10. Renfrew Hypothesis: Proto-Indo-European began in the Fertile Crescent, and then: From Anatolia diffused Europe’s languages From the Western Arc of Fertile Crescent diffused North Africa and Arabia’s languages From the Eastern Arc of Fertile Crescent diffused Southwest Asia and South Asia’s languages.

  11. Agriculture Theory With increased food supply and increased population, speakers from the hearth of Indo-European languages migrated into Europe.

  12. Dispersal Hypothesis Indo-European languages first moved from the hearth eastward into present-day Iran and then around the Caspian and into Europe.

  13. Spatial Interaction helps create: • Lingua franca – A language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce. • Pidgin language – a language created when people combine parts of two or more languages into a simplified structure and vocabulary. • Creole language – a pidgin language that has developed a more complex structure and vocabulary and has become the native language of a group of people.

  14. Pidgin Language Give us da food we need fo today an every day.Hemmo our shame, an let us goFo all da kine bad stuff we do to you,Jalike us guys let da odda guys go awready,And we no stay huhu wit demFo all da kine bad stuff dey do to us.No let us get chance fo do bad kine stuff,But take us outa dea, so da Bad Guy no can hurt us.Cuz you our King.You get da real power,An you stay awesome foeva.Dass it!” Matthew 6:9-13 “The Lord’s Prayer” - Taken from Da Jesus Book, a twelve year effort by 6 linguists to translate the New Testament into Hawaiian Pidgin, published 2001

  15. Often relate to migration flows or conquest 10 categories: Descriptive: Rocky Mountains Associative: Mill Valley, Ca Commemorative: San Francisco Commendatory: Paradise Valley, AR Incidents: Battle Creek, MI Possession: Johnson City, TN Folk Culture: Plains, Georgia Manufactured: Truth or Consequences, NM Mistakes: Lasker, NC Shift names: Lancaster, England  Lancaster, PA Post-Colonial name changes Upper Volta Burkina Faso Gold Coast Ghana East Pakistan Bangladesh LeningradSt. Petersburg Post Revolution changes Belgian CongoZaire Democratic Republic of the Congo Memorial Toponyms Every city has an MLK road Commodification FedEx Field, MCI Center, etc. TOPONYMS

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