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Digitization and Archiving of the Palomar-Leiden Survey of Faint Minor Planets

The Palomar-Leiden Survey, conducted using the 1.2-m Oschin Schmidt telescope, has significantly advanced our understanding of faint minor planets and Jupiter-Trojan populations. This project focuses on the digitization and archiving of approximately 340 Kodak glass plates, which span multiple surveys from the 1960s to the 1970s. Each 35.6 cm x 35.6 cm plate will be meticulously scanned, documented, and archived to preserve the valuable data on over 5,000 discoveries. The process includes multiple phases, from photographic documentation to software development and scientific data mining.

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Digitization and Archiving of the Palomar-Leiden Survey of Faint Minor Planets

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  1. Digitization and Archivingof thePalomar-Leiden Survey of Faint Minor Planetsand theThree Palomar-Leiden Trojan Surveys L. D. Schmadel1, G. Burkhardt1, R. M. Stoss1, W. Paech21Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Heidelberg, Germany 2Institut für Erdmessung, Hannover, Germany

  2. Numbers… • 1.2-m f/2.5 Oschin Schmidt on Palomar Mountain • Kodak Glass Plates, 35.6cm x 35.6cm, 1mm thickness • Field of View: 6.5° x 6.5° • Limiting magnitude: ~ 20mag

  3. 1960 Palomar-Leiden Survey (PLS) • Statistical studies of asteroid population (Extension to MDS [1950-52, lim. mag. 16]) • 18° x 12° region centered on vernal equinox  3x2 fields • 130 plates • 1960 Sept. 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, and Oct. 17, 22, 24, 25, 26 • Exposure times of 10min to 40min • Guided on mean asteroid motion! Total of ~ 2400 discoveries 1561 numbered (MPC, 2006 Apr. 16)

  4. 1971 First Palomar-Leiden Trojan Survey (T1S) • Statistical studies of Jupiter-Trojan population • 12° x 12° region  2x2 fields centered on L5 • 54 plates • 1971 Mar. 24, 25, 26, 27, and Apr. 02, 16, and Mai 13, 14, 16 • Exposure times of 12min • Guided on mean Jupiter-Trojan motion! Total of ~ 750 discoveries 429 numbered (MPC, 2006 Apr. 16)

  5. 1973 Second Palomar-Leiden Trojan Survey (T2S) • Statistical studies of Jupiter-Trojan population • 12° x 12° region  2x2 fields centered on L4 • 76 plates • 1973 Sept. 19, 20, 24, 25, 29, 30, and Oct. 04, 05 • Exposure times of 12min • Guided on mean Jupiter-Trojan motion! Total of ~ 1400 discoveries 1008 numbered (MPC, 2006 Apr. 16)

  6. 1977 Third Palomar-Leiden Trojan Survey (T3S) • Statistical studies of Jupiter-Trojan population at L5 • 6° x 30° region  1x5 fields centered on L5 • 68 plates • 1977 Oct. 07, 11, 12, 16, 17, 21, 22 • Exposure times of 9min to 13min • Guided on mean Jupiter-Trojan motion! Total of ~ 1500 discoveries 855 numbered (MPC, 2006 Apr. 16)

  7. The authors ofTHE PALOMAR-LEIDEN SURVEYOF FAINT MINOR PLANETSAstron. Astrophys. Suppl., 2, 339-448 (1970) Tom Gehrels (b.1925) Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld (b.1921) Cornelis Johannes van Houten (b.1920, †2002) Paul Herget (b.1908, †1981)

  8. Palomar Observatory 1.2-m Schmidt MPC in Cincinnati (1947-1978) MPC in Cambridge (1978- ) Leiden Observatory

  9. N * S EW A problem and a solution… • Total of ~ 340 plates • Each one 35.6cm x 35.6cm in size (14“ x 14“) • Largest affordable Scanner (DINA3: 29,7cm x 42,0cm): ~ 12“ x 17“  Problem! • Solution… • Two Scans per plate • 1800dpi  0.95“/pixel • Each Scan = 0.8 GB • Total of 0.5 TB

  10. A3 flatbed color image scanner • Epson MatrixCCDTM line sensor • Read area 12.2"x 17.2" (310mm x 437 mm) • 87,840 pixels/line (2400 dpi optical resolution) • Scanning speed 5.3 msec/line (grayscale) • Grayscale depth 16-bit/pixel, Dmax 3.8 • AutoFocus system (CCD and lens unit) Epson 10000XL

  11. FEM analysis of plate bending

  12. Projectstages • Phase 1 - Plate shipping from Leiden to Hannover • Phase 2 - Photographic documentation • Phase 3 - Cleaning • Phase 4 - Scanning • Phase 5 - Software development • Phase 6 - Scanner analysis • Phase 7 - Archive generation • Phase 8 - Plate shipping from Hannover to Heidelberg • Phase 9 - Scientific data mining tasks + Archive Online

  13. Palomar Schmidt plate label at the NE corner(emulsion side: plate number, date, center coordinates)

  14. P-L plate detail as seen from the glass side

  15. Documentation: image processing

  16. Wobbling (Scan direction horizontal)

  17. Wobbling (Scan direction vertical)

  18. 25 x 17 crosses out of 116 x 116 matrix

  19. Clean cross and contaminated cross

  20. Wobbler… , 1µm positional, 0.1 pixel accuracy

  21. Fourieranalysis in direction of Scanning (local distortions) Direction of scanning Global distortions

  22. Solver 10min exposure 40min exposure

  23. GetField

  24. Powered by…

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