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Common Nutrient Deficiency Diseases among U nder-five Children. By: Chimwemwe Chisenga. Objectives. To equip mothers & caregivers with knowledge on common micronutrient deficiency diseases and protein energy deficiency malnutrition and how they can be prevented and controlled.
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Common Nutrient Deficiency Diseases among Under-five Children By: Chimwemwe Chisenga
Objectives • To equip mothers & caregivers with knowledge on common micronutrient deficiency diseases and protein energy deficiency malnutrition and how they can be prevented and controlled
Micronutrient deficiency diseases among children • Two groups of malnutrition diseases • Micronutrient deficiency diseases • Protein energy malnutrition
Orientation of symbols Back/ previous Home • Go Next/ Forward
Directions • Read through the information and facts about the disease • Reread as many times as you can until you have understood the information • At the end of each topic, take a short quiz
Select the disease you would like to learn about first Anemia Cretinism & Goitre Xerophthalmia
Anemia • A micro nutrient deficiency disease • Caused by iron deficiency • Mostly affects women of child bearing age and young children
Anemia • Clinical signs and symptoms • Pale conjunctive (inner eyelid), nail beds, gums, tongue, lips and skin • Tiredness • Headaches • Breathlessness
Anemia Prevention • Preventive behaviors for a healthy family • Increase iron intake by:- • Eating iron rich vegetables like cowpeas, spinach, beans, pulses, pumpkin seeds and other greens. • Eat meat like beef, liver, goat or chicken • Eat iron helpers such as guavas, oranges, lemon or little meat to help your body use the iron • Avoid eating iron blockers like tea, coffee or milk an hour before and after eating an iron rich meal
Anemia prevention • Prevent malaria by:- • Sleeping under a mosquito net • Get treated for malaria immediately • Take iron tablets as directed by a health worker. • Pregnant women should take one tablet of iron and folic acid everyday for six months
Quiz • One of the causes of Anemia is…………? • Nutrient deficiency • Iron deficiency • Eating a lot of vegetables • Tiredness
Oops! you missed it, try again! Incorrect Answer
Correct Answer!Anemia is caused by a deficiency in iron intake
Quiz 2. Which among the following is not a preventive behavior of Anemia for a healthy family? • Increase iron intake • Prevent Malaria • Take tea, coffee or milk each time you take an iron-rich meal • Take iron tablets as directed by the health worker
Evaluation • Correct! • You have to avoid taking tea, coffee or milk an hour before or an hour after taking an iron-rich meal
Quiz! 3. Which population is the most at risk with Anemia? • The elderly • Women • Women of child bearing age & young children • Everyone
Correct you got it!Women of child bearing age and younger children are at risk of Anemia
Cretinism and Goitre • Both are caused by Iodine deficiency Signs and Symptoms of Goitre • Grade 0-you can’t feel it, a visibly enlarged thyroid • Grade 1- not visibly enlarged thyroid with neck in normal position • Grade 2-visibly enlarged thyroid with neck in normal position
Cretinism Signs &Symptoms It manifests in two forms • Neurological Cretinism • Mental deficiency • Deaf mutism • Lack of muscular coordination
Cretinism 2. Hypothyroid Cretinism • Dwarfism • Hypothyroidism • The population at risk of becoming deficient in Iodine are :- • Populations from mountainous areas where there is limited access to sea food and iodized salt • Goitre is highest in adolescence particularly in girls
Prevention of Goitre and Cretinism • Purchase packaged iodized salt • Store packaged iodized salt faraway from heat and from moisture • Add salt before serving the food
Quiz • What two conditions are under neurological cretinism? • Deaf mutism & Dwarfism • Dwarfism & Hypothyroidism • Deaf mutism & mental deficiency • Mental deficiency & Hypothyroidism
Evaluation Correct! Deaf mutism & Mental deficiency
Quiz 2. Mention two diseases that are caused by lack of iodine in the diet. • Cretinism & Hypothyroidism • Goitre & Cretinism • Goitre & Dwarfism • Goitre & Anemia
Oh-oh! Try again!
Evaluation You got it right! Goitre and Cretinism
Xerophthalmia Clinical signs and Symptoms • Night blindness • Eye dryness accompanied by foamy accumulations on the conjunctiva (inner eyelids), that often appear near the outer edge of the Iris (Bitot’s spot)
Xerophthalmia Cont’d Signs & symptoms • Eye dryness, dullness or clouding (milky appearance) of the cornea (Corneal Xerosis) • Eye softening & ulceration of the cornea (Keratomalacia). This is sometimes followed by perforation of the cornea which leads to the loss of eye contents & permanent blindness
Xerophthalmia Keratomalacia
Xerophthalmia cont’d • Populations at risk are those who have no access to fresh fruit & vegetables • Children suffering from measles, diarrhea, respiratory infections, chickenpox & other severe infections
Xerophthalmia Preventive Behaviors • Increase Vitamin A intake through consumption of yellow and orange fruits and vegetables • Mothers should take Vitamin A within 8 weeks after giving birth
Xerophthalmia Prevention cont’d • Children from 6-59 months old should get Vitamin A supplementation orally every six months • Infants should be exclusively breastfed for the first six months and continue to breastfeed up to twenty four months
Quiz • How can a family prevent Xerophthalmia? • Increase Vitamin A intake by reducing consumption of yellow & orange fruits and vegetables • Mothers should take Vitamin A supplement within 8 weeks after giving birth • Drink a lot of water • A and b
Evaluation Oh no-o-o-o!
Evaluation Great Job! Mothers should really take Vitamin A within 8 weeks after giving birth
Quiz! 2. What causes Xerophthalmia • Vitamin B deficiency • Vitamin A deficiency • Malaria • Iodine deficiency
Evaluation Oops!
Evaluation • Good Job! • Yes! Xerophthalmia is caused by Vitamin A deficiency
End of part one! Next module is about Protein Energy Malnutrition. Congratulations! You now know the four common Micro Nutrient Deficiency Diseases!
Protein Energy Malnutrition • There are two common conditions under protein energy malnutrition. • Choose the condition you want to learn first from the two above. Kwashiorkor Marasmus
Kwashiorkor • Caused by a severe deficiency of protein in diets that contain calories. • Most common in areas where there is • Famine • Limited food supply • Low levels of education( when people do not understand how to eat a proper diet) • Most common in very poor countries
Signs and symptoms • Shrinking muscle mass • Diarrhea • Fatigue • Hair changes and loss • Large belly that sticks out • Swelling (Edema which hides muscle loss most of the times • Illnesses due to a weakened immune system
Prevention & Treatment of Kwashiorkor • Make sure the diet contains several sources of complete proteins • Get more calories and proteins with early treatment by: • Making sure that the diet has enough carbohydrates, fats (at least 10% of total calories), & protein (12% of total calories) • Reintroduce food slowly to the patient
Quiz • Mention two signs of someone with Kwashiorkor • They have a large belly that sticks out and swelling (Edema) • They breathe so fast and swell • They have shrinking muscle and are energetic • None of the above
