2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

1. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

2. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

3. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

5. Gastric juices • Enteroendocrine glands • secretes gastrin, which stimulates cells to produce hydrochloric acid (HCL) and pepsinogen. • Parietal cells • produce HCL, which converts pepsinogen into pepsin and destroys bacteria and microorganisms that enter the stomach. • Body’s natural sterilizer • Produces intrinsic factor which is essential for B12 absorption 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

6. Gastric juices • Chief type cells • Produce Pepsinogen which converts to pepsin • Pepsin breaks down protein into smaller pieces called protease and peptone • Mucus cells • Secrete alkaline mucus which helps neutralize the effects of HCL acid and other digestive juices • Rennin • found in infants and children, not in adults • Prepares milk proteins for digestion by other enzymes 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

7. Processes of digestion and their relevance to health Chemical – Change food by digestive juices into the end products of fat, carbohydrates, and protein Physical – break food into smaller pieces 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

8. Processes of digestion and their relevance to health • Absorption – nutrients enter the blood capillaries of the small intestine for use in the body • Elimination – waste products of digestion 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

9. Fecal transplant Allows the bacteria from the healthy stool to repopulate the gut of the patient who has lost healthy bacteria in their gut News Flash... New treatment!!!! • Used to treat Clostridium difficile that grows in human intestines • Symptoms range from persistent diarrhea to life-threatening inflammation of the colon to death 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

10. What can healthcare professionals learn from observing stool specimens? On average, how much flatus does a person produce per day? 1-3 pts/day Humor Potty Trivia... 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

11. Act of Digestion Ingestion Mastication Digestion Secretion Absorption Excretion 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

12. Digestive System Disorders • Anorexia • Decreased or poor appetite • Symptoms • Anorexia nervosa • refusal to eat not because of lose of appetite • Psychiatric disorder • Distorted body image • Fear of wgt gain • Amenorrhea • Wgt loss of 25% of original body wgt 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

13. Caries • Decay of tooth or bone • The acids in plaque damage the enamel covering your teeth, and create holes in the tooth • If symptoms occur, they may include: • Tooth pain or achy feeling • Visible pits or holes in the teeth • Prevention- use of flouride , brushing and flossing 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

14. Cleft palate • a fissure or opening—a gap in the palate =may be either soft, hard or both • can be successfully treated with surgery 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

15. Cholelithiasis Cholecystitis: Inflammation of gallbladder. • Gallstones • Can block the bile duct causing pain in back between the shoulder blades and digestive disorders, can cause jaundice • Small ones may pass on their own, large ones surgically removed • Surgical removal of gallbladder =Cholecystectomy

16. Gastroenteritis • Inflammation of mucous membrane lining of stomach and intestine • Common cause = Virus • Symps – diarrhea and vomiting for 24-36 hours • Complication = dehydration

17. Cirrhosis • abnormal structure and function of the liver • Chronic progressive disease of the liver • Normal tissue replaced by fibrous connective tissue • 75% caused by excessive alcohol consumption

18. causes of cirrhosis • chemicals (such as alcohol, fat, and certain medications) • viruses, toxic metals (such as iron and copper that accumulate in the liver as a result of genetic diseases) • autoimmuneliver disease in which the body's immune system attacks the liver.

19. Treatment of cirrhosis • preventing further damage to the liver • treating the complications of cirrhosis • preventing liver cancer or detecting it early • liver transplantation.

20. Constipation When defecation delayed, feces becomes dry and hard RX –diet with cereals, fruits, vegetables, (roughage) drinking plenty of fluids, exercise, and avoiding tension

21. Causes of Constipation • not getting enough fiber/water in the body • A disruption of regular diet or routine; traveling • Inadequate activity or exercise or immobility • Eating large amounts of dairy products • Stress Obstipation: a condition of extreme and persistent constipation caused by obstruction in the intestinal system 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

22. Diarrhea • Loose, watery, frequent bowel movements that pass along colon too rapidly • Caused by infection, poor diet, nervousness, toxic substances or irritants in food. • Can cause dehydration

23. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) • Disorder that affects the sphincter muscle connecting the esophagus with the stomach • The sphincter is weak or relaxes inappropriately 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

24. Hepatitis Which hepatitis virus has a vaccine? • Acute • Chronic • A, B, C, D, E • common symptoms: • Fever • Nausea • Anorexia • jaundice 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

25. Hepatitis A • Infectious hepatitis • Cause – virus • Spread through contaminated food or H2O

26. Hepatitis B • Serum Hepatitis • Caused by virus found in blood • Transmitted by blood transfusion or being stuck with contaminated needles (drug addicts) • Health care workers at risk and should be vaccinated • Use standard precautions for prevention

27. Irritable bowel syndrome • a symptom-based diagnosis characterized by chronic abdominal pain, discomfort, bloating, and alteration of bowel habits • no known organic cause • Treatments: attempt to relieve symptoms, including dietary adjustments, medication and psychological interventions 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

28. Peptic ulcers • Sore or lesion that forms in the mucosal lining of the stomach • Cause – H. pylori (bacteria) is primary cause • Lifestyle factors: cigarette smoking, alcohol, stress, drugs. • Sym. – burning pain, may be relieved by eating or taking antacids. • Diagnosis – x-ray, presence of bacteria • Rx – H2 blockers ( drugs) that block release of histamine

29. Peptic ulcers • Gastric and duodenal ulcers • Normally recurs in 50 to 80% of cases 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

30. Relevance of nutrition to the digestive system Healthy dietary habits help maintain homeostasis of body systems 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

31. Vitamins • Fat Soluble- can be stored by the body • A • D • E • K • Water soluable - can’t be stored, excess excreted by body • B • C 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system