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Aromascience , Aromatherapy, Pheromones

Aromascience , Aromatherapy, Pheromones. Aromascience. Aromascience = Aromachology Studies temporary effects on emotions via olfactory pathways and is a true science But is not Aromatherapy, Which presumes absorption into the bloodstream. Aromatherapy. History.

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Aromascience , Aromatherapy, Pheromones

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  1. Aromascience, Aromatherapy, Pheromones

  2. Aromascience Aromascience = Aromachology Studies temporary effects on emotions via olfactory pathways and is a true science But is not Aromatherapy, Which presumes absorption into the bloodstream

  3. Aromatherapy History • 1904 Cuthbert Hall- Eucalyptus better antiseptic in natural form • Rene-Maurice Gattefosse coined term in 1928- lavender healed burn • Marguerite Maury- applied to beauty therapy

  4. Aromatherapy Modes of action • Pharmacological- chemical changes when essential oil enters blood stream • Physiological- affects system by stimulating, tranquilizing etc • Psychological- when inhaled

  5. Cultural Differences Wintergreen US vs UK In the UK associated with medicinal and toilet cleaning, and a smell associated with World War II. In the US, associated with sweets, candy, gum. Cain 1978

  6. Erotic Perception

  7. “Woman” Response Sum of “woman” responses with and without perfume

  8. d/2 Test • Concentration performance d/2 test of Brickenkamp • Task: Quickly and correctly distinguish between single, similar visual stimuli

  9. d/2 Test “ “ “ ‘ ‘ d d p d d d p p d p “ ‘ ‘ “ “ ‘ ‘ “ Mark all d’s with two ‘ signs total top and bottom

  10. Test Protocol The experiment was performed with an imperceptible level of essential oil and subjects were unaware of the exact nature of the test.

  11. d/2 Total Test Value 514 501 474

  12. Physical Performance Test

  13. Exercise • Chest, arms, back • Arms • Legs • Chest and shoulders • Back and shoulders • Legs

  14. Practice Time 47 41 39

  15. Gambling Certain odors increased time spent in casinos- Hirsch

  16. Driving Study at RPI indicated that lemon increased driver alertness.

  17. When is an Elephant Like a Butterfly? Cis-7-Dodecenyl acetate pheromone for both! O CH3

  18. The Scent of Eros: Fragrance & Pheromones

  19. Pheromones Greek Phero- “I carry” Hormone- “To excite” VNO 1703 Ruysch- Affects hypothalamus, 1950’S Adolph Butenandt used term “PHEROMONE”

  20. What is a Pheromone? A pheromone is chemical message produced by one member of a species that influences the physiological behavior of another member of the same species.

  21. Signaling Pheromones • Signaling pheromones can carry different messages. For example the pheromone in a bee sting tells other bees to attack the enemy. • Another example is the sex pheromone in the female emperor moth which works as a “seducer” for male moths.

  22. Releaser Pheromones • Sex • Invitational • Aggregation • Dispersal • Alarm • Trail • Territorial • Surface • Funeral

  23. Priming Pheromones Priming pheromones trigger GnRH production which regulates the level hormones That affect sexual development, metabolism, and reproductive behavior.

  24. VNO Vestigial organ in man that may be receptor for pheromones- also known as Jacobson’s organ

  25. VNO Olfactory Bulb VNO

  26. Long-Accepted Human Pheromones • Androstenone • Androstenal • Copulins

  27. “Pig Pheromones” Androstenone is the pheromone that makes a pig dig for truffles. CH3 CH3 O Pig VNO Blocked, still responded to Androstenone

  28. Copulins Vaginal secretions C2-C5 aliphatic fatty acids, Change during menstrual cycle, send signal for ovulation

  29. Rachel Sarah Herz Proustian Hypothesis Smell can be forever linked to a single event. Odors not better memory cues, but they trigger intense emotions.

  30. Scent and Memory Connection • Scent-triggered memories are as accurate and vivid as those prompted by the other senses • Found to be described as more emotional with a sense that the participant was truly back in the recalled time and place • Amygdala is activated to a greater extent with a scent-evoked memory than when the same memory is recalled through vision )

  31. Sex and Smell Males rated visual and olfactory information equal, while females considered olfactory information the single most important variable in mate choice.

  32. Food and Sex Effect of scent on Penile blood flow

  33. Food and Sex Effect of scent on Vaginal blood flow

  34. Monell “Monellis the world’s only independent, non-profit scientific institute dedicated to basic research on taste and smell.” www.monell.org

  35. Synesthesia- The color or odors

  36. Synesthesia Relation of two senses such as smell and color

  37. A ____ B ____ C ____ D ____ E ____ F ____ G ____ H ____ I ____ J ____ K ____ L ____ M ____ N ____ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Name _______________________ 9 8 7 10 11

  38. Cinnamic Aldehyde

  39. Olfaction and the new science of the brain

  40. Old Methods • Controlled studies • Physiological measurements • EEG • PET scans

  41. Physiological Tests 1 EDA*-maximum 2 EDA-area 3 EDA-amplitude 4 Breathing 5 Finger pulse 6 Heart rate *Electro Dermal Activity

  42. Reaction Test A test was conducted In Munich in 1994 to determine the effect of fragrance on reaction time- research team led by Dr. Josef Ilmberger. Subjects wear a scented mask. f finger was placed on one button, a sign appeared on a screen, finger then moved to another button.

  43. Test Protocol 1 Dihydromyrcenol 2 Galaxolide 3 Compound 4 Water (control) 5 Iso-E-Super 6 Hedione 7 Methyl Ionone 8 Phenyl ethyl alcohol 9 Heliotropine 10 Hexylcinnamic 300 Subjects 200 in lab, 100 in-house 10 material- 8 essential oils 1 compound Water as control

  44. PET Scan Aversive olfactory stimulation (Zald)

  45. Neuromarketing The newest approach to sales, starting in the October 14, 2004 issue of Neuron, using MRI.

  46. Montague Researchers at Baylor study “the Pepsi Challenge”: find huge effect of Coke label on brain activity related to control of actions, memories, and self-image.

  47. Results In a brand-cued experiment, brand knowledge for one of the drinks had a dramatic influence on expressed behavioral preference and on the measured brain responses.

  48. Cognitive Modulation Subjects rated same odor, isovaleric acid, more unpleasant if named “body odor” than if named “cheddar cheese”

  49. Chicken & Egg The olfactory bulb leads to limbic system- can emotions have originated in response to odors? Studies indicate that the hippocampus and amygdala grew from the olfactory system.

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