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Tahrif

Tahrif. Investigating Distortions in Islamic Texts. Approach. Types of Distortion. Addition Deletion Alteration. First Case Study. Kitab al-Ma`arif Ibn Qutayba al-Dinawari (lived 213 AH to 276 AH). Ibn Qutayba’s Kitab al-Ma`arif. Al-Baras (Leprosy or Leukoderma)

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Tahrif

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  1. Tahrif Investigating Distortions in Islamic Texts

  2. Approach

  3. Types of Distortion • Addition • Deletion • Alteration

  4. First Case Study Kitab al-Ma`arif Ibn Qutayba al-Dinawari(lived 213 AH to 276 AH)

  5. Ibn Qutayba’s Kitab al-Ma`arif Al-Baras (Leprosy or Leukoderma) Anas bin Malik had al-baras [evident] in his face. Some people mentioned that 'Ali, may Allah be pleased with him (radi Allah 'anhu), asked him regarding the saying of the Messenger of Allah, prayers and peace of Allah be upon him: "Oh Allah, Lead [be the Guide of] the one who accepts his leadership and be the enemy of the one who towards him has animosity." He [Anas] said: "I have grown old in age and I forgot!" So 'Ali said to him: "If you were lying, then may Allah strike you with whiteness that shall not be hidden by a turban." Abu Muhammad said: There is no basis for this.

  6. Ibn Qutayba – Cairo 1935 edition Kitab al-Ma'arif, Ibn Qutaybah al-Dinawari (d. 276 AH), p. 251 Cairo: Matba`at al-'Islamiyyah, 1353 AH / 1935 CE

  7. 3 Problems

  8. Problem #1 No other place in the book where Ibn Qutaybah mentions something and then casts doubt on it!

  9. Problem #2 A Sunni scholar who lived 4 centuries later appears to have seen a copy without that last sentence!

  10. Ibn Abi al-Hadid al-Mu`tazili says “… Ibn Qutaybah has mentioned the narration of leprosy/leukoderma (hadith al-baras) and the imprecation that the Commander of the Faithful 'Ali (a) prayed against Anas b. Malik, in Kitab al-Ma'arif in the chapter 'bab al-baras min a'yan al-rijal'.  And Ibn Qutaybah cannot be accused of being partial towards 'Ali (a), indeed he was famous for being inclined away from him.” Sharh Nahj al-Balaghah, Ibn Abi al-Hadid al-Mu'tazili (d. 656 AH), volume 3, page 388

  11. Problem #3 There exists a version of Kitab al-Ma'arif  in the form of a manuscript dating back around 700 years ….. ….. Without this sentence “Abu Muhammad said: There is no basis for this.”!!!

  12. Ibn Qutaybah – Manuscript Kitab al-Ma'arif, Ibn Qutaybah al-Dinawari (d. 276 AH), folio 118r Manuscript: British Library catalogue reference Or. 1491

  13. Second Case Study Sahih al-Bukhari English translation by Muhammad Muhsin Khan

  14. Sahih al-Bukhari (English) Beirut: Dar al-Fikr (9 vols), n.d. Volume 4, pg. 437, hadith number 658

  15. Doeswa imaamukum minkum = “and he will judge people by the law of the Qur’an and not by the law of the Gospel” ????

  16. Mishkat al-MasabihEnglish translation by James RobsonEmeritus Professor of Arabic at the University of Manchester Mishkat al-Masabih, al-Khatib al-Tabrizi (d. 737 AH),volume 3, pg. 1159, chapter vi (The Descent of Jesus) Lahore: Shaikh Muhammad Ashraf (2 vols), 1964 

  17. Perhaps this is an innocent mistake by the translator of Sahih al-Bukhari?

  18. Sahih al-Bukhari (English) Beirut: Dar al-Fikr (9 vols), n.d. Volume 4, page 1

  19. 1971 Edition Pakistan: Sethi Straw Board Mills (Conversion) Ltd (9 vols), translated by Muhammad Muhsin Khan, 1971 CE Volume 4, pg. 437, hadith number 658

  20. Online ?

  21. Ibn Hajar al-`Asqalani says • “…. and their imam is a righteous man who has advanced to lead them in prayer, when 'Isa has descended; the imam steps back to allow Isa to lead. Isa would stand between his shoulders [i.e. facing him] then would say: Lead! The [prayer] was setup for you.” • “… the reports are repeated (mutawatir) that al-Mahdi is from this nation and that 'Isa prays behind him.” • “… by way of 'Isa’s prayer behind a man from this nation, happening at the end of time and near the Hour, is a correct proof to the saying that the Earth is not devoid of a standing proof of Allah (qa'im lillah bi-hujjah)…” • Fath al-Bari bi Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari, Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani (d. 852 AH), commentaryunder hadith number 3193

  22. Ibn Hajar al-`Asqalani says • “… he said: the meaning of his saying "your imam is from amongst you" means that he rules by the Quran and not by the Gospel.” • Fath al-Bari bi Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari, Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani (d. 852 AH), commentaryunder hadith number 3193

  23. Third Case Study Abdullah Yusuf Ali’s Qur’an Commentary

  24. OriginalDar al-Fikr, Beirut, n.d. AmanaAmana Publications First edition, 1408 AH/1989 AC by Amana Corporation IFTARevised and Edited by The Presidency of Islamic Researches, IFTA, Call and Guidance King Fahd Holy Qur'an Printing Complex

  25. Theme #1 Martyrdom of Imams al-Hasan and al-Husayn [a]

  26. Footnote 457 (Original) Chapter 3, verse 140 If a wound hath touched you, be sure a similar wound hath touched the others. Such days (of varying fortunes) We give to men and men by turns: that Allah may know those that believe, and that He may take to Himself from your ranks Martyr-witnesses (to Truth). And Allah loveth not those that do wrong.

  27. Footnote 457 (Amana)

  28. Footnote 457 (IFTA)

  29. Footnote 586 (Original) Chapter 4, verse 69 : All who obey Allah and the messenger are in the company of those on whom is the Grace of Allah,- of the prophets (who teach), the sincere (lovers of Truth), the witnesses (who testify), and the Righteous (who do good): Ah! what a beautiful fellowship!

  30. Footnote 586 (Amana)

  31. Footnote 586 (IFTA)

  32. Footnote 4103 (Original) Chapter 37, Verse 107 And We ransomed him with a momentous sacrifice.

  33. Footnote 4103 (Amana)

  34. Footnote 4103 (IFTA)

  35. Theme #2 The Righteous Imam

  36. Footnote 205 (Original) Chapter 2, Verse 191: And slay them wherever ye catch them, and turn them out from where they have turned you out; for tumult and oppression are worse than slaughter;…

  37. Footnote 205 (Amana)

  38. Footnote 205 (IFTA)

  39. Footnote 236 (Original) Chapter 2, Verse 216: Fighting is prescribed for you, and ye dislike it. But it is possible that ye dislike a thing which is good for you, and that ye love a thing which is bad for you. But Allah knoweth, and ye know not.

  40. Footnote 236 (Amana)

  41. Footnote 236 (IFTA)

  42. Theme #3 Those who caused much sorrow to the Holy Prophet [s]

  43. Footnote 5529 (Original) Chapter 66, Verse 1: O Prophet! Why holdest thou to be forbidden that which Allah has made lawful to thee? Thou seekest to please thy consorts. But Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.

  44. Footnote 5529 (Amana)

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