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The Evolution of Health Care: A Historical Perspective on Medicine and Technology

This article explores the evolution of health care from ancient healing practices to modern medical advancements. From the earliest evidence of healing in Egypt and Mesopotamia over 5,000 years ago to the groundbreaking discoveries by figures like Hippocrates, Edward Jenner, and Louis Pasteur, we trace the historical trajectory of medicine. We also examine the significant changes in health care in the U.S. post-1940s, including the development of hospitals, health insurance, and technological innovations that have transformed patient care. The article highlights the ongoing challenges and ethical questions surrounding access and effectiveness in today's health care landscape.

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The Evolution of Health Care: A Historical Perspective on Medicine and Technology

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  1. Health Care Industry How it evolved

  2. History of Health Care • History of Medicine • Early Healing-First evidence dates back 5,000 years ago in Egypt and Mesopotamia in the form of incantations, exorcisms, prayers to the gods, etc. • Provided by females • First medications-opium and caster oil by the Egyptians

  3. Ancient Chinese • Yin/Yang=balance. • Example • Male female • Hot and cold • Death and life

  4. Ancient Greeks Humour Theory • 4 humours control the health of humans • Blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile • Nature governed by earth, air, fire and water.

  5. Ancient Greeks continued • Hippocrates- • Theorized that illness was a natural biological event and the body would heal itself naturally given time. • Hippocratic Oath- guidelines for the patient/physician relationship

  6. Anton Van Leewenhoek • 1683 Described bacteria

  7. Edward Jenner • 1796 Created an inoculation for small pox

  8. Louis Pasteur • 1864 Developed the Germ Theory

  9. Dr. Ignaz Semmelweiss • (1818-1865) Discovered the importance of infection control measures

  10. Joseph Lister • 1867 Used antiseptics for surgery

  11. Alexander Flemming • 1928 Discovered penicillin

  12. Evolution of Health Care in the U.S. • 1850- Development of the first hospitals in Boston and New York. • 1940’s U.S. underwent major changes in social, political and technological developments.

  13. Results of Changes in 1940’s • A growing interest in social and organizational structure in health care. • Development of Blue Cross and Blue Shield as a method of payment. • Federal government involvement in delivery of health care increased. • Hill-Burton Act: approved and directed funds for new hospital construction • Creation of Medicare

  14. 1940s - 1980s, 1980s - present • Continued growth in health care • Since 1980’s • limited resources • restricted growth • reorganization of delivery and financing • increase in technology

  15. Evolution of Health Problems in U.S. • 1850-1900 Epidemics related to contaminated food, water, inadequate housing, sewage disposal. • 1900-1940 Instead of acute infectious diseases, chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes.

  16. Health Problems continued • 1940’s to 1990-Conditions largely due to environment, such as cancer, accidents, etc. • 1990’s-present- Conditions due to life style, such as drug use, hygiene, eating habits, etc.

  17. Evolution of Technology • 1850-1900-If patient recovered from an illness, it was due to will power and nature taking it’s course, not from medical care. • Physicians were poorly trained. • Hospitals were dirty and run down, disease ridden and posed a threat to life.

  18. Technology continued • 1900-1940 • Vitamin deficiency diseases were eliminated. • Heart disease better treated. • Physicians better trained. • 1940-1980 • Technology expansion rapid and expansive. • Physicians became specialized. • Specialized training for nursing and allied health

  19. Technology continued • 1980-2000- • Organ transplants, MRI, CAT, laser surgeries, gene mapping. • 2000 and beyond • Health care a right or a privilege? • Ethical questions with gene mapping.

  20. Problems with Advanced Technology • Evaluation of effectiveness of technology lags behind. • Excessive cost • Access is not universal, due to cost. • Health care workers are knowledgeable in technology but have problems with human/personal touch.

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