CAI

1. 第三节 中国全新世气候波动 与自然环境演化 Section 3 Climate Fluctuation and Natural Environment Evolution in Holocene Epoch in China Fluctuation of Climate in Holocene Epoch Change of Agricultural Regions Case of Environmental Evolution in Holocene Epoch CAI

2. Study cases of climate fluctuation and natural environment evolution in Holocene Epoch Climate fluctuation Proper period and small ice age Proper period: the Yangshao warm period 5000 to 6000 years before Rule of change Three cold periods existed from 1100 B.C. to 1400 A.D.: 1100 B.C.-850B.C., around 600 A.D., and late 10 the century Small ice age: 14th century- early 20th century Fluctuation of temperature for 5000 years in China (Zhu Kezhen, 1972) Over sea level T Change of Norway snowline Change of temperature in China Year (A.D.)

3. Study cases of climate fluctuation and natural environment evolution in Holocene Epoch Change of agricultural regions and climate fluctuation for 5000 years Temperature change in China Archaeology period Phenological periodil Warm period: agriculture in he north was much more developed than the one in the south PRC Republic of China Qing Dynasty Ancient West Han Dynasty East Han Dynasty Jin Dynasty Yuan Dynasty Xia Dynasty Northern Song Dynasty Sourthern Song Dynasty Qin Dynasty Period of the Three Kingdoms Ming Dynasty Period of the Five Dynasties and Ten States Northern and Southern Dynasties Shang Dynasty Warring States Period Tang Dynasty Spring and Autumn Annals West Zhou Dynasty Qing Dynasty Republic of China PRC

4. Study cases of climate fluctuation and natural environment evolution in Holocene Epoch Change of agricultural regions and climate fluctuation for 5000 years Temperature change in China Archaeology period Phenological periodil Cold period: the south was advanced, but the center still stayed in the lower reach of yellow river PRC Republic of China Qing Dynasty Ancient West Han Dynasty Period of the Three Kingdoms East Han Dynasty Jin Dynasty Yuan Dynasty Xia Dynasty Northern Song Dynasty Sourthern Song Dynasty Qin Dynasty Ming Dynasty Period of the Five Dynasties and Ten States Northern and Southern Dynasties Shang Dynasty Warring States Period Tang Dynasty Spring and Autumn Annals West Zhou Dynasty

5. Study cases of climate fluctuation and natural environment evolution in Holocene Epoch Change of agricultural regions and climate fluctuation for 5000 years Temperature change in China Archaeology period Phenological periodil Warm period: the second harvest peak appeared in Tang dynasty PRC Republic of China Qing Dynasty Ancient West Han Dynasty East Han Dynasty Jin Dynasty Yuan Dynasty Xia Dynasty Period of the Three Kingdoms Northern Song Dynasty Sourthern Song Dynasty Qin Dynasty Ming Dynasty Period of the Five Dynasties and Ten States Northern and Southern Dynasties Shang Dynasty Warring States Period Tang Dynasty Spring and Autumn Annals West Zhou Dynasty

6. Study cases of climate fluctuation and natural environment evolution in Holocene Epoch Change of agricultural regions and climate fluctuation for 5000 years Temperature change in China Archaeology period Phenological periodil Cold period: the south became the major agricultural region PRC Republic of China Qing Dynasty Ancient West Han Dynasty East Han Dynasty Jin Dynasty Yuan Dynasty Xia Dynasty Period of the Three Kingdoms Northern Song Dynasty Sourthern Song Dynasty Qin Dynasty Ming Dynasty Period of the Five Dynasties and Ten States Northern and Southern Dynasties Shang Dynasty Warring States Period Tang Dynasty Spring and Autumn Annals West Zhou Dynasty

7. Study cases of climate fluctuation and natural environment evolution in Holocene Epoch Change of agricultural regions and climate fluctuation for 5000 years Ming and Qing Dynasties Sui and Tang Dynasties East Han Dynasty to Northern and Southern Dynasties Xia and Shang Dynasties to Western Han Dynasty Neolithic Period Agricultural regions extended as human culture developed.

8. Study cases of climate fluctuation and natural environment evolution in Holocene Epoch Sandstone hill

9. Study cases of climate fluctuation and natural environment evolution in Holocene Epoch Wetland grassland Ordos Plateau

10. Study cases of climate fluctuation and natural environment evolution in Holocene Epoch Desert Ordos Plateau

11. (1)Geographical environment’s fluctuation had a cycle of 2000 years Process of being warm/cold in the past 100 thousand years T Years before The cycle is almost consistent with the global climate change by versus analytical method T Being dry/wet Being warm/cold in the Ordas Years before

12. (1) Geographical environment’s fluctuation had a cycle of 2000 years Process of being warm/cold in the past 100 thousand years T Years before The regular fluctuation of being wet/dry, with the cycle of 2000 years, influenced on the agricultural development in the north Being warm/cold Frequency deviation value from normal Of peat and palesoil 14C Comparison between dry and wet change process of Ordos Area for10 000 years Deviation value from normal sliding value Annual precipitation(mm) Annual precipitation of Daihaimuhua River profile Annual precipitation of Dishaogou Bay profile Annual precipitation of Taoli profile in Wushenqi

13. (2) Reestablishment of geographical environment in special periods Geographical environment in wet and dry periods in middle Holocene, inferred from analysis on the ancient soil Forest grassland forest and pastoralism belt Forest grassland agro-pastoralism belt Forest grassland and fixed sandy land agro-pastoralism belt Sand and shrub agro-pastoralism belt Typical grassland pastoralism belt Semi-fixed sandy land desertification grassland pastoralism belt Mid-low forest grassland shrub belt The humid period The arid period Sand enlarged at dry periods, but stayed at wet periods. Therefore, plants had an obvious wiggle. Compared with modern plants, the dry moved eastwardly, while the wet westwardly, with an extent of 200km

14. (3) Natural background of wind erosion and grassland degeneration Mu Us sandy land The change tendency of dry and wet was the basic cause for activity of sand Human’s activities on land was the inducement of sand’s activity Wandering dune Eolian sand Mobile dune

15. (3) Natural background of wind erosion and grassland degeneration The change tendency of dry and wet was main reason for grassland degeneration and resume Human’s overgrazing and construction at vegetated areas affected the process of grassland degeneration Wind erosion and sandy land Soil erosion Wind erosion and sandy pasture land (overcultivation and abandon cultivation)