AKS 30

1. AKS 30 Examine 17th century life in the early Spanish, French, Dutch and English colonies & why these colonies were founded

2. European Models for Colonizing America • Spain - colonization with conversion • 1. Earliest colonies in America (St. Augustine 1565, Santa Fe 1610), though most outposts were destroyed by Indian attacks 2.  Spanish rule was cruel, used slavery, and was limited, except for New Mexico. California was virtually ignored until the late 1700s. 3. By 1560, the main goal of Spanish colonial policy was keeping other Europeans from establishing colonies.

3. European Models for Colonizing America • France--fur-trading empire • 1. Indian wars developed as tribes fought for the French fur trade.2. French missionaries did not enslave Indians and attempted to limit trading of alcohol3. Though few in number, French settlers brought diseases that wiped out up to 90% of the Indians in the Great Lakes region.

4. European Models for Colonizing America • Netherlands--commerce and farming • 1.  Colonization was slow and small-scale.2. Lost the settlement of New Amsterdam (New York) to the British in 1664. 3. Focused on trading mostly (Dutch West India Co.)

5. European Models for Colonizing America • The English model--tobacco and settlers • 1. Causes for English Colonizing in America (See Colony Chart for quick-reference guide to colonies) • a. Fall of Spanish Armada in 1588 opened North Atlantic to English expansionb. England infused with a spirit of self-confidence and enthusiasm for adventure. c. England could plant, supply, and protect colonies easily.

6. European Models for Colonizing America • The English model--tobacco and settlers cont’d • 2. Changes in English economy. • a. Rise of merchant class to provide business leadership and wealth for colonial investment.b. Joint-stock company allowed for pooling of capital with limited risk.c. Surplus population in cities as farmers were pushed off lands converted to sheep herding

7. European Models for Colonizing America • The English model--tobacco and settlers cont’d • 3. Protestant Reformation • a. Priesthood of all believers inspired religious dissidentsb. Anti-"Popish" believers (Puritans) felt that the Church of England was not Protestant enough in its beliefs and practices.c. Persecution of Puritans, Catholics, and Quakers led to conflict with religious and political authoritiesd. America was seen as a desirable haven for these groups.

8. 30 a – locate & identify the original British Colonies • Southern Colonies • Virginia • Maryland • North Carolina • South Carolina • Georgia • New England Colonies • Massachusetts • New Hampshire • Connecticut • Rhode Island • Middle Colonies • New York • New Jersey • Delaware • Pennsylvania

9. 30b- Virginia’s Development

10. Virginia Company • English colonies were funded & maintained by Joint Stock Companies • Private investors  PROFIT • Pool $, obtain charter, maintain colony  make more $ • Virginia Company • King James I grants charter 1606 • April 1607- 150 people arrive in “Virginia” and claim land & name it “Jamestown” in honor of King James I

11. Jamestown NOT off to a great start…but TOBACCO WILL TURN IT ALL AROUND  • All colonist cared about was $$$ • Disease/Hunger – people refuse to work • John Smith takes control • Forces people to work • Gets help from Powhatan (Pocohontas’ Dad) • BUT…get freaked out by growing # & destroy farms… “Starving Time” • New Leaders, Harsh Punishment, Strict Rules • New Highly Profitable Crop… TOBACCO

12. Tobacco aka Brown Gold • John Rolfe developed new tobacco & England LOVES it  Export  $$$ • By late 1620’s >1.5 million lbs/year • So now… they need LABOR

13. Headright System • Introduced 1618 to entice settlers • If you paid to get there- you automatically got 50 acres of land • If you paid for someone else to get there- you got their 50 acres too! • Obviously immigration increased & wealthy people got LOTS of land • Plantation owners used indentured servants • All expenses paid trip = work for a few years

14. African American Laborers • Arrived in 1619 via the Dutch as SERVANTS • Treated as indentured servant for decades before “slave labor” • WHY? B/C Slaves cost more than indentured servants at first • Then… • # of indentured servants dropped as English economy improved • Colonists' wealth had increased • Slaves became a better “long-term investment”

15. Colonists vs. Native Americans • English do not intermarry or cohabitate with Native Americans • Colonists bitter with Powhatan over “starving time” • Continued fighting causes King James I to revoke the charter… now Royal Colony – under direct control of King

16. Economic Differences split Virginia • Former indentured servants… • No $ to buy land, can’t vote, NO rights • Constantly battling Natives • Oppressed- high taxes, no protection • Sir William Berkely abused power & ignored needs of settlers

17. Bacon’s Rebellion • Bacon (hates Natives) raises an army 1676 • Angry that frontier colonists are NOT represented in House of Burgesses • Gov. Berkeley calls Bacon’s army “illegal” so Bacon sets fire to Jamestown • Exposed the growing power of the colony’s former indentured servants • Wealthy try to get a tighter grip on their power

18. C- Settlement of New England Colonies Massachusetts New Hampshire Connecticut Rhode Island

19. Pilgrims vs. Puritans • Puritans want to PURIFY the Church of England from all traces of Roman Catholicism • Pilgrims were SEPARATISTS- want to form independent congregations

20. Plymouth Colony • 1620 Pilgrims fled to escape persecution • Men signed Mayflower compact which created the first government in the Colonies • Established Plymouth Colony • 2nd permanent English Colony in North America

21. Massachusetts Bay Colony • 1630 John Winthrop obtained Royal Charter for a Joint Stock Company • Boston = capital & Winthrop = Governor • “City Upon a Hill” • Plymouth was incorporated into Massachusetts Bay Colony

22. Massachusetts Bay • Winthrop didn’t establish a democracy or social equality… but was better than England • All adult males who belonged to the church could vote – apx. 40% of population • Later they had issues with the dwindling numbers in membership so they created the Half-way covenant which was developed to allow unbaptized members (children of Puritans) to vote and thus preserve influence of Puritan authorities • Church & State  TIGHT relationship • Civil officials = church members – God’s “elect” • Puritans migrated to colonies as a FAMILY • Created “family communities” • Behaved in a “God Fearing” manor

23. Dissent in the Puritan Community = establishment of PROVIDENCE (Rhode Island) • Roger Williams = Extreme Separatist • 2 Conventionalist views • English settlers had NO rightful claim to land unless PURCHASED from Natives • Gov’t officials had NO business punishing settlers for their religious beliefs – everyone should be free to worship according to their own consciences • Williams order to be arrested… he fled • Started new colony… PROVIDENCE • Guaranteed separation of church & state & religious freedom

24. Another Dissenter… Anne Hutchinson • Taught that Church & ministers are unnecessary to interpret the bible • Banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1638 • Hutchinson, family & followers fled to Rhode Island • Then on to New Netherland – Dutch religious toleration

25. Salem • Salem Witchcraft Crisis (1692) • Group of girls accused fellow villagers of witchcraft • Trials (featuring "spectral evidence" and body searches for birthmarks) resulted in convictions of many and executions of 20 people and 2 dogs. • Goal was restoration of the disciplined community. No confessed witches were hanged or burned. • Reaction resulted in anti-Puritan sentiment, weakening of Puritan authority, and apologies from some religious leaders

26. Settlers start to expand & Natives start to freak out • Spread to Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut • Connecticut creates its own form of written government called the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut – they could elect their own officials • Disputes between Puritans & Natives • Native perspective- no one “owned” the land & Treaties were just temporary agreements to share the land • Colonist perspective- Treaties were one time deal where they got the land forever

27. Pequot War - 1637 • 1st major conflict in Connecticut • Pequot took a stand against colonists & colonists formed alliance with Narragansett- enemy of Pequot • RESULT= near destruction of Pequot Nation by May 1637

28. King Philip’s War • Natives forced to work for English & follow puritan laws • Wampanoag Chief Metacom (English called him King Philip) organized tribes to try to wipe out settlers in 1675 • Lasted over a year- fierce battle- but finally hunger, disease, and casualties led to the defeat of the tribes • Native American power in SE New England gone forever – 1/10th of colonial men of military age in New England killed

29. Middle Colonies

30. Dutch Colony- New Netherland- 1621 • Dutch West India Company • Diverse colony • New Amsterdam – Capital- founded 1625 – now… New York City • Settlers from other European countries & Africa were welcomed to join • Dutch more interested in trading with Natives than conquering them

31. English takeover & it becomes New York • Dutch colonies split Northern & Southern colonies • James the Duke of York comes to take over & forces the Dutch out. Peter Stuyvesant was the Dutch governor who surrendered New Amsterdam. • 1664 Duke of York is proprietor of New Netherland & renames it New York • Later… he gives part of his land to his friends… becomes NEW JERSEY

32. Quakers in Pennsylvania • 1681 William Penn founds on Quaker Principles • Equality, Cooperation, Religious Toleration & Pacifism • “Holy Experiment” • Adult males receive 50 acres of land & the right to vote • Representative Assembly • Freedom of Religion • “City of Brotherly Love” – Philadelphia • Penn treats Natives fairly – over 50 years no conflict • Penn recruits immigrants – Germans, Dutch, French • Need settlers to be profitable • Quakers become the minority – slavery is introduced

33. Southern Colonies • Carolinas • They were created to reward the rich friends of the King. • North Carolina grew tobacco • South Carolina grew rice and indigo

34. Southern Colonies • Georgia • Georgia was created as a buffer colony between the British Carolinas and the Spanish settlements in Florida • James Oglethorpe founded it in hopes that the colony would be a place for debtors. • Georgia also grew Rice and Indigo