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Scientific Papers Writing

Scientific Papers Writing. Referencing. What is referencing?. Referencing is used to tell the reader where ideas from other sources have been used in an your work . There are many reasons why it is important to reference sources correctly:

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Scientific Papers Writing

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  1. Scientific Papers Writing Referencing

  2. What is referencing? • Referencing is used to tell the reader where ideas from other sources have been used in an your work. • There are many reasons why it is important to reference sources correctly: • It shows the reader that you can find and use sources to create a solid argument • It properly credits the originators of ideas, theories, and research findings • It shows the reader how your argument relates to the big picture • Failure to properly acknowledge sources is called plagiarism, and it can carry significant academic penalties

  3. What needs to be referenced? • Whenever an work uses words, facts, ideas, theories, or interpretations from other sources, that source must be referenced. • Referencing is needed when: • You have copied words from a book, article, or other source exactly (quotation) • You have used an idea or fact from an outside source, even if you haven't used their exact wording (paraphrasing and summarizing)

  4. Citation • A quotation from or reference to a book, paper, or author, esp. in a scholarly work. • By citing the work of a particular scholar you acknowledge and respect the intellectual property rights of that researcher • In this example, “(Lazar, 2006)” tells the reader that this information has come from a source written by Lazar, which was published in 2006. Example: When testing the usability of a website, it Is necessary to gather demographic information about the users (Lazar, 2006).

  5. Referencing Styles • these are rules and standards to follow when formatting citations and references • Many students find referencing quite intimidating at first. • Famous referencing styles include: • APA (American Psychological Association) • Chicago Manual of Style • Harvard • IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) • We will get Overview of the APAstyle, on your own time read on Harvard style

  6. Referencing Styles • References and citation differs depending on the cited material, whether a: • Book • journal article • Web page • Thesis • reports • Etc.

  7. APA Style (5th Ed)

  8. Why do you have to do this? • learning to write include mastering an accepted writing style. • Because APA style is the most common writing style.

  9. What’s Included in APA Style? • everything relater to your work, including: - How pages are set up - How to cite sources - references - etc.

  10. Where to learn APA style? • Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th edition) • internet sites, such as http://www.lib.usm.edu/~instruct/guides/apa.html and http://www.canberra.edu.au/library/attachments/pdf/referencing-guide.pdf (6th Edition) • Note: Just type APA referencing style in Google

  11. list of references • Required if you cite any sources in your paper • Every source cited in your paper must appear on the reference list, and every entry in your reference list must be cited in your paper

  12. Single-authored book Perloff, R. M. (1995). The dynamics of persuasion. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. *Note: In the 5th edition of APA, there is NO underlining (everything that was underlined is now in italics).

  13. Reissued book Newcomb, H. (Ed.). (1995). Television: The critical view (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. *Note: Capitals in the title of the book are restricted to the first letter of the first word of the title, the first letter of any proper names, and the first letter of the first word after a semicolon, period, or question mark.

  14. Dual-authored book Baran, S. J., & Davis, D. K. (1995). Mass communication theory: Foundations, ferment and future. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. *Note: when listing authors, use an ampersand (&) in the reference list, not “and.”

  15. Essay or chapter in an edited book Bryant, J. (1989). Message features and entertainment effects. In J. J. Bradac (Ed.), Message effects in communication sceince (pp. 231-262). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. *Note: You must include the page numbers if you’re just referencing one part of a book.

  16. Single-authored article Garramone, G. M. (1985). Effects of negative political advertising: The roles of sponsor and rebuttal. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 29, 149-159. *Note: The first letter of every important word in the title of the journal is capitalized.

  17. Two or more authors (in article) Suzuki, S., & Rancer, A. S. (1994). Argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness: Testing for conceptual and measurement equivalence across cultures. Communication Monographs, 61, 256-279. *Note: Can you find the volume number and page numbers in this citation?

  18. Unpublished convention paper Thomas, S., & Gitlin, T. (1993, May). Who says there’s a dominant ideology and what happens if that concept is falsified? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Washington, DC. Note: Conference papers are less highly regarded than published works

  19. Internet articles based on a print source VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.

  20. Article in an internet-only journal Frederickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html

  21. UNIVERSITY PROVIDED STUDY MATERIAL • Lecture / tutorial notes, etc. – online • Citation In examining the genre of fiction (St. Vincent Welch, 2009)… • Reference: St. Vincent Welch, S. (2009). Unit 8147 Writing short narratives, lecture 1, week 1: What is fiction? [Lecture PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from http://learnonline.canberra.edu.au/

  22. Conference or seminar papers in published proceedings – online • Citation: Tester (2008) points to the value of using geothermal sources for power and energy. • Reference: Tester, J. W. (2008). The future of geothermal energy as a major global energy supplier. In H. Gurgenci & A. R. Budd (Eds.), Proceedings of the Sir Mark Oliphant International Frontiers of Science and Technology Australian Geothermal Energy Conference, Canberra, Australia: Geoscience Australia. Retrieved from http://www.ga.gov.au/mmjjhhhh

  23. you’re not done yet!! • Learning how to do your reference page is only the beginning to APA style!! • The next tough job is to cite your references in the text

  24. When do you cite your sources in your paper? • When you’re referring to an idea or concept you drew from something you read. • When you quote from something you read or heard. • When you want to give the reader some other places to look for additional information.

  25. Paraphrasing • Scott (1992) identified… • Several researchers (Anthony, 1990; Gregory & Jacobs, 1985; Polk et al., 1980) reported… • Or at the end of a sentence paraphrased from another work (Scott, 1992).

  26. Citing while paraphrasing • List the last names of all authors the first time you cite them, unless there are more than 5. • If there are more than five, or you are citing the paper of 3ormore authors for a second ormore time, list last name of first author, followed by “et al.,” and the date.

  27. Examples Scott, Williamson, and Schaffer (1990) reported that… (FIRST TIME) Scott et al. (1990) reported that (EVERY TIME AFTER) Scott and Williamson (1990) reported that… (FIRST TIME and EVERY TIME) 6 or more authors, use “et al.,” first time and every time.

  28. Citing while quoting • You need to put the author last name(s) and date, like while paraphrasing, but also the PAGE NUMBERS or PARAGRAPH NUMBERS (for online sources). • Example: “the research findings clearly indicate support for the hypotheses” (Douglass, 1986, p. 55).

  29. Warning • Keepquotations to a minimum (less than 3 per paper) • Don’t forget the quotation marks and page numbers (or paragraph numbers), or you will be guilty of plagiarism!

  30. Sample Reference ListCalvillo, D. (1999). The theoretical development of aggression. Retrieved August 21, 2002 from: http://www.csubak.edu/~1vega/dustin2.htmlFlory, R.K. (1969a). Attack behavior as a function of minimum inter-food interval. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior . 12, 825-828.Flory, R.K. (1969b). Attack behavior in a multiple fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement. Psychonomic Science, 16, 383-386.Flory, R.K. & Everist, H.D. (1977). The effect of a response requirement on schedule- induced aggression. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 9, 383-386.Gentry, W.D. (1968). Fixed-ratio schedule-induced aggression. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 11, 813-817.

  31. Sample Citation However, Wallace and Singer (1976) noted that facillimasaepe non sunt optima accepit hoc. Also in similar studies it was observed that blah blahblahblahblah(Flory & Everist, 1977; Gentry, 1968; Killeen, 1979). Similarly, Flory (1969a) pointed out the problem of “pluresviri quam appellabant”(p.384). Consistent with this view Schaal, Shahan, Kovera and Reilly (1998) note that babble babblebabblepessimicopiismaiusdeum . For the present study I will look at the phenomenon mentioned first by Flory (1969b).

  32. Questions

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