Spirent GEM v3.2 & XGEM v3.0 10/100/1G/10G Ethernet Network & Impairment Emulators

1. Spirent GEM v3.2 & XGEM v3.010/100/1G/10G Ethernet Network & Impairment Emulators September 2008

2. Introduction to Impairment • Mission-critical applications and equipment are delivered across the production network – from distributed applications to storage solutions to VoIP. • When these applications are deployed, upgraded, or relocated, loss of performance or downtime can be costly.

3. Today’s Testing Approach FAILS The sterile lab environment does not represent a “real world” network environment • How can you have confidence after testing in a sterile lab without “real world” delay and impairment conditions? • How can you predict expected performance levels? • How can you discover problems related to real world conditions before they create costly failures? Can you afford to take a ‘wait-and-see’ approach to testing?

4. “Real-World Networks” All networks have varying Impairments and Delay

5. Impairment Sensitive Apps Real Time Applications • IPTV, VoIP, Interactive Gaming Storage • Disaster Recovery, Business Continuity, ILM Planning, Storage Extension, Data Center/ Server Migration Networked Applications(Throughput / Performance / Error Recovery) • Database, Transaction Processing, Distributed Software Applications Satellite Communications Converged Networks • Next Generation SONET/SDH (VCAT, LCAS, GFP) • TDM over Packet, Timing over Packet (Circuit Emulation, Pseudo Wire) • MPLS, Metro Ethernet Service Level Agreement (SLA) Characterization Acceleration (WAN, TCP, Application) PON (GPON, (G)EPON, BPON) iWARP (10Gig Ethernet)

6. Where is Impairment Testing Relevant? • Development • Negative Testing • Design or System Verification Testing • Validate prior to deployment • Proof of Concept • Evaluate and Demonstrate Emerging Technologies • Interoperability Testing • Characterize performance prior to deployment • Troubleshooting or Accurate Problem Replication • Solution or Product Definition • Define capabilities or min. Service Level Agreements (SLAs) • Cost Benefit Analysis • Determine if over or under engineering a solution • Sales / Trade Show Demonstrations

7. Spirent’s Impairment Mission • Enable our customers to test Applications, Devices, Protocols, Solutions or Services • Under ‘Real World’ Dynamic delay and impairment conditions in the comfort of a lab • With True Line Rate Performance • With fine Precision and high accuracy for maximum repeatability • With an “in-line” testing approach which greatly extends the testing capabilities of end point testers alone • With multi-protocol support (Ethernet, SONET/SDH, FC, OTN, CPRI) from the same system • We put “The World In A Box”

8. Spirent Emulators Enable • Evaluating the performance of Emerging Technologies • Characterizingbreaking points of a new service • Validating new Products or Solutions before deployment! • Discovering and Defining minimum required Service Level Agreements (SLAs)

9. The Value Accurately and precisely emulate real-world network conditions during testing • Increase the quality of the user experience • Fastertime-to-market • Reduce support costs • Minimize troubleshooting and downtime on the production network • Avoid live troubleshooting and downtime • Increase revenue and competitive advantage Deliver what was promised!

10. Product Overview Spirent GEM & XGEM 3.0

11. Platforms Maui Hawaii • Supports speeds up to 2.66Gbps • Up to 4 interface blades • Hot swappable copper/optical SFP modules (optional wavelengths available) • Support for Ethernet, SONET, SDH, OTN, Fiber Channel, CPRI • Fast Ethernet Interface for Remote Control • Supports speeds up to 11.3Gbps • Up to 2 interface blades • Hot swappable copper/optical SFP and XFP modules • Optional wavelengths available • Supports Ethernet, SONET, SDH, OTN, Fiber Channel • Fast Ethernet Interface for Remote Control

12. Maui Platform Control via Fast Ethernet Front Panel Control Blade 2 (East to West) SFP Interfaces Support SONET/SDH, Ethernet, FC, OTN, CPRI Blade 1 (West to East) Supported Products: Ethernet 10/100/1G Signal Delay OC-3/12/48 Path Delay OC-3/12/48 Fiber Channel 2G Signal Delay CPRI Bit Rate Option 1/2/3

13. Hawaii Platform Control via Fast Ethernet Blade 3 (East to West) Front Panel Control Blade 1 (West to East) SFP Interfaces SONET/SDH, Ethernet, OTN, CRPI and FC XFP Interfaces 10Gbps SONET/SDH, Ethernet, OTN, CPRI and FC Supported Products: Ethernet 10/100/1G/10G Signal Delay OC-3/12/48/192 Path Delay OC-3/12/48/192 Fiber Channel 2/4/8/10G Signal Delay

14. Easy User Control Methods HTML based GUI: TCL Support: Front Panel (limited for Advanced Ethernet):

15. Advanced Ethernet Network Emulation • Simulates 10/100/1000 Ethernet Layer 1 - 7 Line Delay and Impairments • Up to 16 Profiles per interface – each has distinct bandwidth, delay and impairments • Up to 16 Virtual Ports per interface for L3 Routing • Impairments Processed at Full Line Rate • Jumbo frame support - unlimited size frames (reorder and duplication up to 12K for GEM and 15K for XGEM) • True dynamic control of impairments via Remote GUI or Tcl based script • Layer 3 & 4 “aware” (IP orTCP/UDP/RSVP Checksum) • Supports all protocols above layer 2 • Real time Statistics, Alarms and Reporting • TCL API or Intuitive Drag & Drop GUI (No Client Software) • Report generation to PDF • Multi-protocol support on the same platform (Fiber Channel, SONET/SDH and Ethernet) GEM & XGEM

16. Ethernet Applications ValidateStressEvaluate • Video and Voice over IP • Next Generation Routers, Switches and Network Adapters • Networked Application Performance Testing • Verify response time versus delay, bandwidth, packet loss, etc. • Only solution capable of testing high bandwidth applications • >50Mbps - Sustained Full Line Rate • “Realistic” network environment • Latency testing • Remote Data Storage Technologies SAN / NAS / iSCSI Emulate the “real world” effects of Layer 1/2 delay andimpairments on Layer 3 devices and applications

17. GEM - Overview • 16 Network Profiles per Interface (64 total on Maui) • Each with its own distinct delay, bandwidth & impairment profile • Defined by any combination of VLAN tag, MPLS label, MAC or IP address, TCP/UDP port or any other protocol field or data up to 2000 bytes deep within the Ethernet frame • Standard Network Models with TIA-921/G.1050 option • Profiler Playback (Play back delay/drop recorded files) • NEW! Network Playback (Custom Impairment Table) • NEW! Capture / Replay of data • NEW! Accumulate & Burst GEM Flow Definitions Screen Shot

18. 4 Network Profiles per Interface (8 per 2-Blade HAWAII) Each with its own distinct delay, bandwidth & impairment profile Defined by any combination of VLAN tag, MPLS label, MAC orIPaddress, TCPport or any other protocol field or data up to 2000 bytes deep within the Ethernet frame XGEM - Overview 7/16/2014

19. XGEM Recent Enhancements • Duplication and Reorder for Jumbo Packets • Tcl API • Save and Restore • IPv6 support • Profile Shaping

20. GEM - Impairments • Line Bit Errors • LOS / LOF Sync • Static Delay • Jitter Delay (FDV) • Frame/Packet Drop (Decimate) • Re-order • Policing • Bandwidth Control (Throttle) • Duplication • Higher Layer Bit Errors • Modification • CRC Corruption • Accumulate & Burst Targeted or Random Precise Distribution Single or Bursty Maximum Accuracy

21. Advanced Ethernet Impairments • Impairment Types: • Drop – frames are dropped based upon a user specified probability • IPTV - Selectively drop MPEG - 4 I, P or B packets • CRC Corruption – the Ethernet CRC of frames is corrupted based on user-specified probability • Jitter – Ethernet frames are variably delayed around the line or network flow delay based upon a user defined probability and the following: • Max Delay – maximum value of delay • Min Delay – minimum value of delay • Max Positive D - the maximum positive change of delay • Max Negative D - the maximum negative change of delay • Reorder – up to 256 Ethernet frames can be reordered • Duplication – up to 15 Ethernet duplicate frames can be created • Data Corruption – any burst of bytes (up to 2000) within the Ethernet frame may be corrupted based upon a user specified offset from the start of the Ethernet frame and a user-defined error rate (1E-12 to 1E-2). • Modification – any burst of bytes (< 2000) may be modified on user-specified offset. • New! Accumulate and Burst – specify a number of packets to ‘accumulate’ in a buffer before being ‘burst’ out of the emulator creating ‘bursty’ traffic

22. Advanced Ethernet Impairments • Support for Targeted or Random Impairments • Targeted Impairments defined by any combination of • VLAN tag • MPLS label • MAC or IP Source/Destination addresses • TCP or UDP Source/Destination port numbers • IP ToS • DiffServ • any other field in the Ethernet, IP, TCP, UDP or RTP header • any other information up to 2,000 bytes deep within the Ethernet frame • Random Impairments are based upon any of the following distributions: • Periodic • Poisson • Gaussian • Uniform • NEW! Custom Distributions - created with GEM Network Playback

23. Spirent GEM / XGEM Key Features • Architecture • Hardware based – high precision, accuracy and full Layer 1 impairment emulation • Flexible FPGA design – protects investment • Easy to upgrade with new features – extensive roadmap • Performance • High precision instrument with fine resolution control over delay function • Full 1GbE/10GbE line-rate support all the time (even at 64 byte frame size) • Chain multiple impairments at same time (corruption, jitter, duplication, reorder, drop, modification, errors)

24. Classifier (Network Profile Definitions) 192.168.40.3 192.168.40.2 x.x.x.x 0 1 2 13 14 15 Scheduler Delay Buffer Delay Buffer Delay Buffer Delay Buffer Delay Buffer Delay Buffer GEM – Network Profiles 100s or 1000s of incoming Flows (up to true line rate) Emulate Multiple Network Profiles All non classified traffic • Defined Per Network Profile: • Delay • Policing (Bandwidth Control) • Impairments • Modification Network Profile #

25. GEM Bandwidth Profile • Based on Metro Ethernet Forum Bandwidth Profiles • GEM allows for the configuration of the: • Committed Information Rate (CIR) • Committed Burst Size (CBS) • Excess Information Rate (EIR) • Excess Burst Size (EBS) • Supports Service Frame Colors • Green – conforms to Committed Rate • Yellow – conforms to Excess Rate • Red – does NOT conform to Committed or Excess Rate New token Added at a rate of CIR/8 times/second New token Added at a rate of EIR/8 times/second Network Profile 1 Network Profile 2 > CBS … Network Profile 16 < or = CBS > EBS < or = EBS Network Profile 1 Network Profile 2 … Network Profile 16

26. TIA-921 / ITU-T G.1050 Module • Provides 1064 statistically based network models • Models developed using actual production network conditions provided anonymously from leading service providers around the world. • Evaluate multimedia applications under real-world conditions prior to deployment

27. Standard Based Network ModelsTIA-921 and ITU-T G.1050 • Statistically based Time Varying IP Network Impairments • For evaluation of Multimedia Transmission • Impairments include: • Delay, Jitter, Packet Loss, Out-of-Order packets, Route Flapping • DUTs include: • IP Phones, POTS over IP, Media Gateways, MGC • User Agents, Call Agents, Media Servers • Video, Gatekeeper App, Servers, • Edge Routers, Modems, Fax

28. Standard Based Network ModelsTIA-921 and ITU-T G.1050 Local Access B Local Access A IP Core Network LAN B LAN A 64kbps 128kbps 256kbps 384kbps 512kbps 768kbps T1/E1 T3/E3 ADSL Cable Fiber ---------------- Occupancy level QoS Edge Router 64kbps 128kbps 256kbps 384kbps 512kbps 768kbps T1/E1 T3/E3 ADSL Cable Fiber ---------------- Occupancy level QoS Edge Router DUT A DUT B Route flapping One-way delay Jitter Packet loss Packet Reorder 1000BaseX 100BaseT Switch 100BaseT Hub 10BaseT WLAN (~4Mbps) ----------------- Occupancy level Packet loss 1000BaseX 100BaseT Switch 100BaseT Hub 10BaseT WLAN (~4Mbps) ----------------- Occupancy level Packet loss

29. Each Impairment Condition has a Likelihood of Occurrence (LOO) Based on real IP Network Statistics Based on Network Architecture Based on Classes of Service Definitive set of test conditions 1064 Impairment Combinations Tests may be automatically ran Typically 2 min per Impairment Condition Approximately 1.5 days to run complete set of tests Impairment Condition may be correlated with appropriate quality measurement Voice Quality Metric (MOS, PESQ, PSQM, R-Factor) Video Quality Metric TIA-921 and ITU-T G.1050Conditions based on SLAs

30. TIA-921 / ITU-T G.1050 Enhancements Enhancements include: • Ability to loop through a set of test cases ‘n’ times or forever • New model parameters: Packet Size and Interval • Optionally enforce bandwidth limits (not required in model) – previously bandwidth not controlled • Added support for G.1050 Intercontinental delays – user can select regional (TIA-921/G.1050) or intercontinental (G.1050) delay model • Now provide user control over the model random number seed – gives user the ability to perform the exact same test again by specifying the same seed value • Additional test parameters shown in GUI • Ability to individually disable portions of model (LAN A, Access A, Core, Access B, LAN B)

31. The optional IPTV feature on GEM can be used to characterize video performance under specific impairments Correlate mean quality scores with specific impairment conditions Target drop MPEG 2 (H.262) and MPEG 4 (H.264) I, P or B frames Video Impairments – IPTV Option 7/16/2014

32. Video Impairments – IPTV Option Controls • Select a MPEG 2/4 “I”, “P”, “B” packet for possible drop • Choose the number of times to trigger a selection • 1-15, infinite • Choose drop probability for selected packets • Rate plus Distribution (Poisson, Periodic, Gaussian, Uniform) • Choose Selection Offset • Allows user to trigger off an “I” frame but select an Ethernet packet ‘x’ packets away

33. Dynamic Search Filter (DSF) • Searches for a user defined pattern throughout an entire TCP/UDP payload and triggers an impairment event • Up to 8 strings each up to 8 bytes in length defined per Network Profile • String searches are logically OR’d together • Byte level wildcards available, “*” • When a match is found, the packet is subjected to a specified impairment • Trigger event can be limited to specified number of times (e.g., 1, 2, 3 … or infinite) Ethernet Header IP Header TCP/ UDP Header TCP/UDP Payload Checksum String Search

34. Applications for Dynamic Search Filter Video • The optional DSF feature on GEM can be used to characterize video performance under specific impairments • Target a specific MPEG I, B or P frame for impairment TCP Acceleration • The optional DSF feature on GEM can be used to characterize new TCP implementations for acceleration performance • Target a specific TCP packet with specific FTP data string and drop the packet • Specify the trigger to occur only once to prevent TCP session from closing

35. Production WAN Spirent Profiler Playback Test your applications and services under the same conditions existing on your production network! • Record live network conditions to be imported into a GEM emulator • Recreate those same delay and impairment conditions in the lab • Reduce risk by confidently testing under the most relevant scenarios! • Validate performance and prevent failure before an expensive roll-out Server Client Delay, Jitter Packet Loss

36. Remote Site www.abc.com Server B Profiler Targets Server A www.abc.com Main Office WAN New Remote Site Server A Profiler Targets Server B Server C www.abc.com Server C Profiler Targets Server A www.abc.com Spirent Profiler Playback – How It Works • Setup Stand-alone Profiler application on network client • Capture delay and packet loss between the Profiler application and multiple user defined target machines using ICMPs • Take the Profiler logs back to lab to be loaded into GEM emulator for Playback • Test your applications or services under current network conditions and prevent embarrassing failure!

37. Spirent Profiler Playback- Details • Record network delay and loss characteristics for over 30 days between Profiler application and 50+ user defined Targets • Define Targets by IP address or URL • Configure ICMP packet length (64-1518) • Configure DSCP field (0-255) • Set ICMP interval down to 100ms • Stand-alone Profiler application supported on Windows or Linux platform • Start sessions manually or automatically by scheduling date/time and duration • View delay and impairment graphs real time or for post analysis

38. Spirent Profiler Playback • Upload Profiler logs to GEM and playback the captured impairments – one log per GEM Network Profile • Options • Playback delay values as measured by the Spirent Profiler or increase delay values during playback by a user defined factor for performance testing • Repeat log files for longer playback sessions • Ignore packet drop (packet drop values in log are ignored) • Assign to Network Profile in opposite direction for bi-directional support

39. GEM Router Mode • Allows users to connect devices to Spirent GEM of the same or different subnets • Each Physical Interface is assigned a unique MAC • Each Physical Interface can have up to 16 Virtual Interfaces – 16 different IP Subnets • Supports IPv4 • 2 Physical Interfaces • With standard GEM: • Devices connected to Spirent Emulator must be on same subnet • Managed Switch/Router required when connecting multiple devices on different subnets • Spirent GEM interfaces do not have MAC or IP address’ to configure 7/16/2014

40. GEM Router Mode – Use Case 1 Emulated Network 2 physical interfaces Client 1192.168.40.101 255.255.255.0 Gateway = 192.168.40.1 Server 1 77.0.0.2 255.255.255.0 Gateway = 77.0.0.1 77.0.0.1 255.255.255.0 192.168.40.1 255.255.255.0 Bi-directional 10/100/1000M Ethernet Connect two devices on multiple subnets without external router/switch 7/16/2014

41. Remote Office Austin Texas GEM Router Mode – Use Case 2 OC-3 / STM-1 155Mbps 2Mbps DSL Remote Office London 600 users Remote Office New York 1000 users WAN 150 users OC-48 / STM-16 622Mbps T1 Data Center Connecticut Production Network 3 Remote Offices and a Data Center Link speeds from 1.544Mbps to 622Mbps Various applications running including VoIP, Oracle, Web, Video Conferencing 7/16/2014 41

42. Internet or remote subnets GEM Router Mode – Use Case 2 (cont’d) Bi-directional 10/100/1000M Ethernet Emulated Network 2 physical interfaces London192.168.40.101 Gateway = 192.168.40.1 Unmanaged Switch Server 1 77.0.0.2 Gateway = 77.0.0.1 Unmanaged Switch 3 Virtual Ports 1 Physical Port 192.168.40.1 192.168.50.1 192.168.60.1 1 Virtual Port 77.0.0.1 GEM’s Gateway 77.0.0.4 Austin192.168.50.101 Gateway = 192.168.50.1 Server 2 77.0.0.3 Gateway = 77.0.0.1 New York192.168.60.101Gateway = 192.168.60.1 Router77.0.0.4 Gateway = 77.0.0.4 • Dynamically configure test bed without moving equipment! • Use unmanaged switch to connect more than 2 devices to 2-port Spirent GEM • Total throughput up to 1000Mbps regardless of packet size • Traffic (client to client or client to server) will be routed through Spirent prior to arrival at destination • GEM’s Gateway allows connection to remote subnets (e.g., internet) 7/16/2014

43. Internet or remote subnets GEM Router Mode – Use Case 2 (cont’d) Emulated Network Emulated Network Client 1192.168.40.101 2 2 physical interfaces physical interfaces Server 1 77.0.0.2 Unmanaged Switch Unmanaged Switch Unmanaged Switch Unmanaged Switch Client 2192.168.50.101 3 Virtual Ports 3 Virtual Ports 1 Physical Port 1 Physical Port Bi Bi - - directional directional 192.168. 192.168. 40 40 .1 .1 10/100/1000M Ethernet 10/100/1000M Ethernet Client 3192.168.60.101 192.168. 192.168. 50 50 .1 .1 192.168. 192.168. 60 60 .1 .1 Server 2 77.0.0.3 • Utilizing ‘Network Profiles’ users can: • Have different bandwidth/delay/impairment conditions for a link • For example • Client 1  Server 1 can have 90ms of delay over 156kbps bandwidth • Client 1  Client 2 can have 15ms of delay over 52Mbps bandwidth • Client 1  Server 2 can have 280ms over 64kbps bandwidth • Logically reconfigure ‘Emulated Network’ dynamically – no need to move physical nodes • HTML GUI or Tcl Script Router77.0.0.4 Gateway = 77.0.0.4 7/16/2014

44. GEM Router Mode – Notes • Static Layer 3 IPv4 routing • IPv6 routing is not supported • Does not participate in dynamic routing protocols – RIP, IS-IS, OSPF, etc. • Only routes between IP subnets directly connected to Spirent GEM (no routers between subnet and GEM) • GEM Default Gateway forwards all ‘other’ packets to one selected port • Does not support Multicast • Not supported on 4 blade Maui system 7/16/2014

45. GEM Reporter • Produce professional reports based on statistics from GEM Emulator • Bandwidth, Delay, Packet Loss Stats for all Network Profiles • Present to management in PDF Format for post analysis

46. Drag & Drop Configurator • Easily define the network topology, devices and traffic flows directly from the GUI. 7/16/2014

47. What’s NEW with GEM? • Capture/ Replay (Option) • Capture live network traffic or streams and play them back on your emulator • Network Playback (Option) • Custom Network Impairment Table • Accumulate & Burst • Allows users to specify a number of packets to ‘accumulate’ in a buffer before being ‘burst’ out of the emulator - creating ‘bursty’ traffic from a smooth input stream. • TIA-921 Enhancements • Loop tests, support for new model parameters such as Packet Size and Interval, support for Intercontinental Delay, control over the random number seed … • Router Mode Enhancements • support on the Hawaii 10G blades, statistics per virtual port, greater VLAN support, the ability to clear the ARP cache, and more.

48. What’s NEW with GEM? (cont’d) • Advanced Protocol Filter Suite • Custom Filter Library • MEF-18 Test Suite (Option) • IPTV over IPv6 support

49. New!! Capture Replay Capture live traffic for analysis and replay the same traffic with varying throughput and impairment conditions for performance testing! • Available as an option to GEM loads on Hawaii Blades • Capture up to 1G Byte/sec at full line rate using filters or triggers.  • Replay this or other pre-captured traffic on the GEM and apply impairments.  • Capture and/or Replay can occur before or after impairments are applied.  

50. New!! Capture Replay (cont’d) • Troubleshoot network or application performance issues using trigger conditions • Analyze network / application layer protocol behavior in both directions to debug application/network issuesExample: Look at how TCP data is getting ACKed back from the server, or look at how much time certain application transaction is taking by looking at data in both directions • Isolate top talkers / applications using network bandwidth Capture all or part of incoming traffic thru traffic with background System Under Test System Under Test PCAP file Capture – Download Replay - Upload