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MILITARY HISTORY

MILITARY HISTORY. The Persian Wars (500-479BC). In each unit we will look at…. Strategy Tactics Technology Leadership Logistics. A note on strategy & tactics…. “In military usage, a distinction is made between STRATEGY  and TACTICS.

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MILITARY HISTORY

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  1. MILITARY HISTORY The Persian Wars (500-479BC)

  2. In each unit we will look at… • Strategy • Tactics • Technology • Leadership • Logistics

  3. A note on strategy & tactics… • “In military usage, a distinction is made between STRATEGY  and TACTICS. • Strategy  is the utilization, during both peace and war, of all of a nation's forces, through large-scale, long-range planning and development, to ensure security or victory. • Tactics deals with the use and deployment of troops in actual combat” "Strategy." Dictionary.com | Find the Meanings and Definitions of Words at Dictionary.com. Web. 24 Aug. 2010. <http://dictionary.reference.com/>.

  4. Logistics • “The branch of military science and operations dealing with the procurement, supply, and maintenance of equipment, with the movement, evacuation, and hospitalization of personnel, with the provision of facilities and services, and with related matters.” “Logistics." Dictionary.com | Find the Meanings and Definitions of Words at Dictionary.com. Web. 24 Aug. 2010. <http://dictionary.reference.com/>.

  5. QUESTION How do each of the aforementioned factors determine the outcome of a war? Strategy? Tactics? Technology? Leadership? Logistics?

  6. The Ionian Rebellion • Greek city-states in Persia rebelled • They were helped by Athens • Persian emperor Darius crushed the rebellion • Darius seeks to burn Athens for revenge and prepares to invade mainland Greece

  7. 4 Major Battles • Marathon (490 BCE) • Thermopylae (480 BCE) • Salamis (480 BCE) • Platea (479 BCE)

  8. The Battle of Marathon • 490 BCE • Persian force lands at Marathon • Athenian Assembly (Democratic) • Decides to advance to Marathon • Sparta does not help, Religious holiday • Greeks • 9000 Athenian hoplites • 1000 Platean hoplites • Led by Miltiades • Persians • 20,000 to 95,000 Persians • Mostly lightly armed archers • cavalry

  9. The Battle of Marathon • Greeks extend line of hoplites • Well trained, did not break ranks • Weak in center, strongest in the sides • Persians strong in center, weak in sides lightly armed • Hoplites slam into Persians at a run • Persians flee to ship, cut to pieces

  10. Connection to the Past • The Greeks sent their fastest runner Pheidippides to carry home news of the victory. • He sprinted 26.2 miles from the battle site to the city-state of Athens • He arrived and said, “Rejoice, we conquer,” and died from exhaustion • The Marathon race is named after this event. • http://www.history.com/videos/the-battle-of-marathon#the-battle-of

  11. 2nd Persian Invasion • The Persian Emperor Darius never returned, but his son Emperor Xerxes did • The Greek ruler Themistocles knew this was a temporary victory. He encouraged the Athenians to build up their fleet and prepare for battle with the Persians. • In 480 B.C. Darius’ son Xerxes sent a larger force to conquer Greece. • He sent 200,000 soldiers and nearly 1,000 ships. • By this time Athens had convinced Sparta to join them in battle. Twenty Greek city-states joined together to meet the Persian invaders.

  12. The Battle of Thermopylae • The Persian army had little trouble as it moved through northern Greece. • It came to a narrow mountain pass called Thermopylae, there 7,000 Greeks waited for the Persians. • For several days they stopped the Persian army from moving forward • A Small Spartan force of about 300 men commanded by King Leonidas, guarded the mountain pass of Thermopylae. • They held out heroically against he enormous Persian force for three days. • They were betrayed when someone told the Persians how to get in behind the army. • Persians march on Athens • Athens destroyed • But Athenians had spent 10 years building up their navy

  13. The Battle of Thermopylae • http://www.history.com/videos/spartans-implements-of-death#spartans-implements-of-death

  14. Salamis (September 480 BCE) • Battle of Salamis • Hellenic League uses geography to their advantage • Persians outnumber Greeks (700 to 370 ships) • Greek ship more maneuverable • Sink most of Persian fleet • Xerxes returns to Persia fearing weather • Persian army left under command of Mardonius

  15. Victory at Sea / Xerxes goes home

  16. Platea August 479 BCE • Battle of Platea • 40,000 Hellenic League hoplites vs. • Approx. 75,000-120,000 Persians • Greek movement interpreted as retreat • Spartans charge Persian lines • Athenians defeat Thebans • Persians crushed, invasion stopped • Hellenic League takes war into Persian territory

  17. Significance of the Persian Wars • Persian empire declined • Greek civilization, democracy and culture flourished • Wealth from increased trade • Started the Greek onslaught against the Persian empire • Completed by Alexander the Great of Macedonia in 331 B.C.E.

  18. - What factors contributed to Greek victory in the Persian Wars?

  19. Athens in the Age of Pericles • The wise and skillful leadership of Pericles brought about a Golden age in Athens. • This was from about 460 to 429 B.C. and is often called the Age of Pericles. • Pericles believed that all male citizens, regardless of wealth or social class, should take part in government. • He paid salaries to men who held public office. This enabled the poor to serve in the government. • The assembly met several times a month and needed at least 6,000 members present to take a vote. This was direct democracy, a large number of citizens took part in the day to day affairs of the government. • Pericles stated, “We alone, regard a man who takes no interest in public affairs, not as harmless, but as a useless character.

  20. Greek against Greek • Many Greeks resented the Athenian • domination. Pericles --- • The Greek world split into rival camps. The other headed by Sparta • A 27 year war broke out in 431 B.C. engulfing all of Greece

  21. Peloponnesian War • Athens faced a serious geographic disadvantage from the start. • Sparta was located inland, the Athenian navy was no good against them. • When Sparta invaded Athens, Pericles allowed people from the countryside to move inside the city. • Overcrowding led to a plague that killed a third of the people. • Internal struggles undermined the Democratic government of Athens. • Sparta even allied with Persia, their old enemy, against the Delian League. • Finally, in 404 B.C., with the help of the Persian navy, the Spartans captured Athens and stripped it of its fleet and empire.

  22. The Aftermath of War • The Peloponnesian war ended Athenian greatness. • In Athens Democratic government suffered: Corruption and selfish interests replaced order. • Fighting continued to disrupt the Greek world. • Sparta itself suffered defeat at the hands of Thebes, another Greek city-state. • Greece was left vulnerable to invasion. • Cultural development was arrested. • Opens Greece up to defeat by…..?????

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