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Petroleum has played a crucial role in history, evolving from ancient uses to a modern staple. Its journey began with natural tar seeps being used by Native Americans for waterproofing. The patent for kerosene in 1852 marked the start of commercialization, with Drake's Well in 1859 leading the oil boom. The rise of OPEC and major wars impacted supply and pricing significantly. By 2000, petroleum sources accounted for 36.3% of U.S. energy. As production shifts and technology advances, understanding the dynamics of petroleum is essential for the future.
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PETROLUEM Texas tea black gold rock oil oil
HISTORY • Use goes way back • Natural tar seeps • To waterproof baskets and boats • 1852 – patent for distillation product from rock oil—kerosene–for lamp oil
Drake’s Well • 1859 • Pennsylvania (Oil Creek); near oil seeps • Depth 70 feet
1920 • Development of • lamps • machinery • Caused or increased demand for • Lubrication • kerosene • gasoline and diesel
Establishment of OPECArab-Israeli War1973 • Resulted in the first major supply-demand-cartel increase in price
Price per barrel (42 gal)crude • 1940 -- $1 • 1972 -- $2 • 1974 -- ~$5 • 1981 -- $38 • 2000 -- ~$40 • 2006 -- $76
Supplies • WWI – U. S. produced 2/3 worlds supply from domestic sources; by end of WWI supply strained • Discovery of E. Texas fields 1930 • 1955 -- five U. S. companies produced 2/3 of worlds oil; ~1/2 from domestic sources
Currently • Major U. S. suppliers (in order) • Louisiana • Texas • California
Peak Production Projected • 2010 – 2020 • At 80 million barrels per day • NOW – 1 new barrel produced for each 4 consumed
Population figures • 1860 – CA 380,000 • 1890 – CA 1,100,000 – US 63,000,000 1.7% • 1960 – CA 15,717,000 – US 180,000,000 7.8% • 1990 – CA 28,000,000 – US 250,000,000 11% • 2000 – CA 33,872,000 – US 280,000,000 12%
2000-U. S. sources of energy • 36.3 – petroleum • 25.8 – natural gas • 23.9 – coal • 6.7 -- hydroelectric • 6.6 -- nuclear • 0.8 -- other
1920 11 gal gasoline 5.3 gal kerosene 20.4 gal oil and lubricants 5.3 gal heavy residue (asphalt) 2000 21 gal gasoline 3 gal jet fuel 9 gal special distillates 4 lubricants 3 heavy residue (asphalt) Derived volumesfrom 1 barrel (42 gal)
PRESENT CALIFORNIA PRODUCTION • Kern County • Los Angeles
LOS ANGELES BASIN • Deep marine basin in Miocene time with thick sequence of marine sedimentary rock • Extensively folded and faulted since • Wilmington field • Most productive single petroleum field in Calif. • 2nd most productive in U. S.
Southern San Joaquin Basin • Deep marine basin in Miocene time with thick sequence of marine sedimentary rock • Extensively folded and faulted since; some places still active • Ten of the top twenty producing fields in the U. S.
Signal Hill—Los Angles field • Part of the Willmington field • Photo about 1930
Wooden derrick • Used until about 1940
Primary production • Natural flow or simple pumping • Some wells have sufficient ‘in-the-rock’ pressure to push the liquid petroleum to the surface – for a time • Early wells (pre-1940) were produced mostly by this method
Primary production • HOWEVER ----- this produces only about 10 to 20% of the petroleum • Realize the petroleum is viscous and flows only with difficulty
Post-primary productionand techniques • Chemical • Detergents • Thinners • Physical • water flood (drive) • steam • heat • gaseous hydrocarbons
distillation • Natural petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons (many times paraffinic) like butane CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 = C4H10 • Hydrocarbons in petroleum range from one C to ~50 C • The greater the number of ‘carbons’ the higher the temperature of boiling – hence boiling separates the different fractions
cracking • Long-chain (high molecular weight) hydrocarbons are not as useful or valued as short-chain hydrocarbons • So chemists have found a way to break long-chains into multiple short chains, i.e. C30H62 + 2H 2C15H32 (cracking the chain)
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