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Taxonomy & Evolution-Part 1

Taxonomy & Evolution-Part 1. Mrs. Rago. Organization. Why do we organize things? How do we organize things? Biologist do this through classification Group objects or information. Taxonomy. Branch of biology that groups & names organisms

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Taxonomy & Evolution-Part 1

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  1. Taxonomy & Evolution-Part 1 Mrs. Rago

  2. Organization • Why do we organize things? • How do we organize things? • Biologist do this through classification • Group objects or information

  3. Taxonomy • Branch of biology that groups & names organisms • This is done based upon the different characteristics of each organism • The science of describing, naming, & classifying organisms • Allows us to organize groups of organisms with other organisms that have similar characteristics • Taxon • Also called Taxa (plural) • Any particular group within a taxonomic system

  4. Early Taxonomists • Aristotle • Grouped organisms into 2 groups: plants & animals • Then subdivided plants into 3 groups: herbs, shrubs, trees & subdivided animals based upon where the animal lived or spent a great deal of time: on land, in the air, or in the water • This system worked for many organisms but was used only till another, better system was developed • Carolus Linnaeus • Swedish botanist • Grouped organisms based upon physical & structural similarities between different organisms • He also developed a two-word naming system= binomial nomenclature • Example: Homo sapiens (people), Felis catus (domestic cats)

  5. The Linnaean System • Developed by Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus • Groups organisms into categories based upon their form & structure • Could have done this by behavior or types of food that an organism eats. • Consists of a Hierarchy • Similar to a ladder or pyramid

  6. Linnaean System • Hierarchy • Each level has smaller & smaller number of organisms in it

  7. 6 different Kingdoms • Plants • Autotrophs, photosynthesis to make energy, most plants live on land • Animals • Multicellular, develop from embryos, heterotrophs, symmetrical body organization (most), most move around environment to capture food • Protista • Eukaryotes (multicellular) that are not plants, animals, or fungi • Fungi • Eukaryotes, heterotrophs, gain nutrients in a unique way • Archaebacteria • Ancient bacteria • Bacteria • Eubacteria (true bacteria)

  8. Linnaean System • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

  9. Examples of Organization 1 2 • Domain- Eukarya Eukarya • Kingdom- Animalia Animalia • Phylum- Chordata Chordata • Class- Mammalia Mammalia • Order- Carnivoria Carnivoria • Family- Felidae Canidae • Genus- Felis Canus • Species- Felis catus Canus lupus

  10. Our mystery animals Felis catus Canus lupus

  11. Binomial Nomenclature • Linnaeus gave an organism 2 names • 1 genus name & a species name • This is an organisms scientific name • Example: Homo sapiens (People); Felis catus (domestic cat); Canis lupus familiaris (domestic dog) • Latin is the language of Scientific names • Dead language

  12. Dichotomous Key • Uses pairs of contrasting, descriptive statements to lead to the identification of an organism (or other object) • Can be used to tell different plants apart • Poison ivy

  13. What differences can you see?

  14. How could a dichotomous key be useful? • Medicine • Botany • Amateur Gardener

  15. Arthropods • Appendages • Body segments such as legs & antennae • Chitin • Makes up the arthropod’s exoskeleton • Exoskeleton • Skeleton on outside of body covers the skin • Compound eye • Many lens

  16. Mammals • Endoderms • Maintain constant body temperature • Hair • Completely divided heart (four-chamber heart) • Produce milk for their young • Single jawbone • Compared to reptile’s jaw which is made up of many bones • Specialized teeth • Teeth to crush, grind, slice, cut, hold prey, or crush

  17. Reptiles • Heart has 2 atria & single ventricle that is partially divided by a septum • Ectotherms • Regulate internal temperature by absorbing heat from surroundings • Reproduce by laying eggs

  18. Fish • Reproduce by releasing eggs & sperm into water • Gills to process oxygen from water • Cartilaginous bones

  19. Amphibians • Skin is permeable to water & oxygen • Also breathe through lungs in addition to their skin • Most species lay eggs in water & have an aquatic larval stage • Examples: frogs, toads, & salamanders

  20. Birds • Feathers • Wings • Lightweight rigid skeleton • Endothermic • Most efficient respiratory system of any terrestrial vertebrate (air sacs occupy large portion of abdominal cavity- just store air & reduce bird’s density) • Beak • Lay eggs in hard shell

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