Chapter 6: Self-Concept, Identity, and Motivation

1. Chapter 6: Self-Concept, Identity, and Motivation PED 392 Child Growth and Development

2. Erik Erickson • Development is a lifelong process • Stages of Psychosocial Development • 8 stages that progress from birth through adulthood

3. Stages of Psychosocial development • Trust vs Mistrust • Birth to 1 year • Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt • 1 to 3 years • Initiative vs Guilt • 3 to 5 years • Industry vs Inferiority • 6 to 10 years

4. Stages of Psychosocial development • Identity vs Role Confusion • 10-20 years • Intimacy vs Isolation • Early Adulthood • Generativityvs Stagnation • Middle Adulthood • Integrity vs Despair • Late Adulthood

5. Forming an Identity Forming an identity involves committing oneself to a set of beliefs values and adult roles. Children progress through Erickson’s stages to help form their identity.

6. Definitions • Temperament • The ability to inhibit responses, shift attention and manage emotions • Attachment • A close, affective relationship formed between a child and caregiver(s).

7. Basic Emotions (pg 344) • Disgust • Active rejection • Fear • Active withdrawal • Anger • Forward movements to eliminate obstacles • Sadness • Passive withdrawl

8. Basic Emotions (pg 344) • Shame • Avoiding others, hiding self • Guilt • Punish self, make things right with others • Pride • Outwardly showing ones accomplishments

9. Emotional Development (pg 346) • Infancy • Basic emotion • happiness, fear, sadness, interest, surprise, anger, disgust • Early Childhood (2-8 years) • Understands others have emotions • Self conscious emotions • shame, embarrassment, guilt, envy, pride

10. Emotional Development (pg 346) • Middle Childhood (8-14 years old) • Understands multiple emotions occur at same time • Understands rules for displaying emotions • Middle and late Adolescence (14 years & up) • Reflects on emotions • Increased moodiness • Ability to hide emotions

11. Emotional disorders • Hyperactivity • Short attention span, impulsiveness • Aggressive / self injury • Acting out, fighting • Withdrawl • Retreat, failure to engage, fear and anxiety • Immaturity • Temper tantrums, crying, poor coping • Learning difficulty • Performing below grade level

12. Definitions • Self-concept • Beliefs, attitudes, knowledge, and ideas people have about themselves • Self-esteem • An evaluation of our traits, abilities, and characteristics.

13. Developmental changes in self representation in childhood • Toddler and early childhood • Observable characteristics focused on abilities, activities and possessions (I go to school) • Early and middle childhood • Simple traits, positive representations (I am nice) • Middle and late childhood • Comparisons, positive and negative, focus on abilities and interpersonal skills (I am good at X, but struggle with Y).

14. Developmental changes in self representation in childhood • Early Adolescence • Simple, focused on skills related to interactions with others (I am cheerful, especially with friends) • Late adolescence • Reflect personal beliefs, values and morals (I am X, but I value Y)

15. Identity formation • Ethnic identity • Backgrounds and beliefs • Gender • Female and male traits (pg 375) • Gender role Socialization • Attitudes and behaviors appropriate for genders, according to society • Racial • Backgrounds and beliefs

16. Stereotypes • General beliefs made about people based on common understandings or societal beliefs • Can be true, but often are not, always have exceptions. • Women are more flexible than men • Men are stronger than women

17. Definitions • Intrinsic motivation • Internal sources such as curiosity, interest, enjoyment and striving for mastery and growth. • Extrinsic motivation • Needs external pressures or incentives to accomplish the task. • Self Efficacy • People’s own assessment of their ability to perform a given task given the current circumstances.