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California's Off-Road Emissions Review: Strategies for Cleaner Air and Engine Standards

This document outlines the review of off-road emissions in California as of October 24, 2002. It discusses the impact of various off-road engine categories, including small off-road engines (SORE), large spark-ignition engines (LSI), and compression-ignition (diesel) engines. Key focus areas include past and future emissions inventories, regulatory measures for reducing hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), and the advancements made in recreational marine engines. The report highlights the state's SIP measures designed to meet air quality standards, with a vision for cleaner off-road vehicles to protect public health.

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California's Off-Road Emissions Review: Strategies for Cleaner Air and Engine Standards

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  1. California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Off-Road Status Review October 24, 2002

  2. Outline • Impacts of Off-Road Categories • Categories • Small Off-Road Engines(SORE) • Large Spark-Ignition (LSI) Engines • Compression-Ignition (Diesel) Engines • Recreational Marine • Past, Present, Future

  3. Mobile Sources Statewide Emissions Inventory HC 2000 2010 24% 31% 76% 69% 2020 752 TPD 37% 1408 TPD 63% On-Road Off-Road 482 TPD

  4. Mobile Sources Statewide Emissions Inventory NOx 2000 2010 27% 24% 58% 15% 65% 11% 2020 28% 1803 TPD 2875 TPD 28% 44% On-Road Off-Road Trains, Planes, Ships 1115 TPD

  5. 2000 2010 58% 56% 27% 23% 21% 15% 2020 52 TPD 47% 19% On-Road 34% Off-Road Trains & Ships Diesel Mobile Sources Emissions Inventory PM 67 TPD 38 TPD

  6. Cleaner Off-Road Engines to Meet Our Public Health Goals • Critical component of SIPs to attain the ozone and particulate matter standards • 8 off-road SIP measures • Included state and federal commitments • Preempt equipment

  7. Category Contributions HC Tons per day

  8. Category Contributions NOx Tons per day

  9. Small Off-Road Engines

  10. Status • 1990: Adopted standards • Tier 1 (1995-1999) • Enleanment • Engine modifications • Tier 2 (2000+) • Handheld • Advanced 2-strokes • 2-stroke 4-stroke • Catalysts • Switch to electric equipment • Non-handheld • Side Valve Overhead Valve

  11. Lower Emissions Levels< 65cc Engines HC+NOx g/bhp-hr

  12. Lower Emissions Levels> 65cc Engines HC+NOx Engine Displacement g/bhp-hr

  13. Small Engine Contribution Reduced HC+NOx 85 tpd 2000 2010 54 tpd 54 tpd 2020 Annual Average

  14. Current StatusModel AvailabilitySmall Handheld Engines Survey Dates

  15. Additional Reductions from Small Engines are Possible • Evaporative reductions • Approximately: 50% HC reduction by 2020 • Further exhaust reductions • Catalyst durability demonstration • Expectation: 50%+ HC+NOx reduction • Propose new standards in 2003

  16. Large Spark-Ignition Engines

  17. Status • 1998: Adopted catalyst based standards • 2001-2003: Phased-in • 2004: Fully implemented with a durability requirement • No reported technical or availability issues • Manufacturers certified compliant engines • Most engines well below 3.0 g/bhp-hr standard

  18. Reduced Emissions Contribution HC+NOx 2000 81 tpd 39 tpd 2010 42 tpd 49 tpd 32 tpd 2020 Annual Average

  19. Additional Reductions from LSI Engines are Feasible • ARB, SCAQMD, U.S. EPA, SwRI • Closed-loop/catalyst durability demonstration • Transient test cycle developed • More stringent emission standards feasible - adopted by U.S. EPA 9/02

  20. Recreational Marine Engines Spark-Ignition Vessels

  21. Recreational MarineVessels I N B O A R D S

  22. Recreational MarineVessels S T E R N D R I V E S

  23. Recreational MarineVessels OU T B O A R D S

  24. Recreational MarineVessels P E R S O N A L W A T E R C R A F T

  25. History • 1996: EPA - Outboards/PWCs • 1998: ARB - Outboards/PWCs • 2001: EPA 2006 standards • 2004: 20% lower standards • 2008: 65% lower standards • 2001: ARB - Inboards/Sterndrives • 2003: Emissions “capped” • 2007: Catalyst-based standards

  26. Reduced Emissions ContributionOutboards and PWCs HC+NOx Statewide Summer Weekend Inventory

  27. Reduced Emissions ContributionInboards and Sterndrives HC+NOx Statewide Summer Weekend Inventory

  28. Clean 2002 Models Available

  29. Recent Events • 2002: EPA - (Proposed) Evap Controls • Covers: Outboard - PWC - Inboard - Sterndrive • Reduce evap emissions by 80% in 2008 MY • 2002: ARB - Catalyst Demo Project • “In Water” demo of catalyst-equipped boats. • ARB, U.S. EPA, U.S. Coast Guard, NMMA, MECA • Report conclusions

  30. Compression-Ignition (Diesel) Engines

  31. Mobile Sources DieselEmissions Inventory 2010 NOx 35% 48% 17% On-Road Off-Road 1165 TPD Trains & Ships

  32. Mobile Sources DieselEmissions Inventory 2010 PM 56% 23% 21% On-Road 52 TPD Off-Road Trains & Ships

  33. Diesel Engine History • 1992: California adopts standards early for non-preempt engines • 1994: U.S. EPA asked to adopt standards for preempt engines • 1996: Statement of Principles signed by ARB, U.S. EPA, and engine manufacturers • 1998: Final U.S. EPA diesel rule approved consisting of 3 Tiers of diesel standards • 2000: California aligns with U.S. EPA

  34. 50 40 30 Preempt NonPreempt Tons per day 20 10 0 2000 2010 2020 Regulatory Effects on Emissions PM10 Statewide Annual Average

  35. Preempt NonPreempt Regulatory Effects on Emissions HC+NOx Statewide Annual Average

  36. Current Diesel Status • Availability • Sales are virtually unaffected by regulations • Engine sales have mostly increased • Compliance • Tier 1 is already fully implemented • Tier 2 is in its second year • Many engines are ahead of schedule

  37. Off-Road Diesel PM Emission Standards Lag On-Road Standards g/bhp-hr Off-road 275 hp On-road

  38. Off-Road Diesel NOx Emission Standards Lag On-Road Standards Off-road 275 hp g/bhp-hr On-road

  39. Issues - Reducing Off-Road Diesel Emissions • Future off-road standards will be patterned after existing 2007 on-road standards • PM aftertreatment nearly ready • NOx aftertreatment proceeding rapidly • 15 PPM sulfur diesel fuel required • Global harmonization of standards desirable

  40. Conclusions • Emission standards have successfully been implemented for off-road engines • Compliant products are available in all categories • Emissions are being reduced • Staff continues to look for opportunities to further reduce emissions

  41. Conclusions (cont’d) • Off-road diesel is the largest remaining category of PM and NOx emissions • On-road technologies are transferable • More stringent (Tier 4) standards will provide significant improvements in air quality • U.S. EPA action is necessary

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