Overview of Biotechnology Week 1&2 ( 12&19 Sept 2013)

1. Overview of BiotechnologyWeek 1&2 (12&19 Sept 2013) MdmKhadijahHanim Abdul Rahman School of Bioprocess Engineering, UniMAP khadijahhanim@unimap.edu.my

2. Course Outcomes (C0s): • Ability to explain foundations of modern biotechnology. • Ability to demonstrate important recent advances in methods and applications of biotechnology with regards to microorganisms and plants. • Ability to differentiate scopes and importance of various biotechnological streams. • Ability to demonstrate understanding on ethical implications of biotechnology.

3. Evaluation • Peperiksaan/ Examination: 60% • Mid-term Examination 1 = 10% • Mid-term Examination 2 = 10% • Final Examination = 40% • (ii) Kerjakursus/course work: 40% • Assignments & Quizzes = 40% (Quizzes may be given without prior notice)

4. List of text books and references : • Text Book: William J.T. and Michael A.P. (2009). Introduction to Biotechnology. 2nd Edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

5. References Books: • 1). Susan R. Barnum. (2005). Biotechnology an introduction. 2nd edition. Thomson, Brooks/Cole Publication. • 2). Acquaah, G. (2004). Understanding Biotechnology. Pearson. Prentice Hall. • 3). Bougaize, D., Jewell, T.R. and Buiser, R.G. (2000). Biotechnology; Demystifying the Concept. Benjamin-Cummings Publication • 4). Rene Fester Kratz PhD, Donna Rae Siegfried. (2010). Biology For Dummies. Second Edition. • 5). R.C. Sobti and Suparna S. Pachauri (2009). Essential of biotechnology. CRC press, US.

7. What is Biotechnology?

8. Definitions

9. Is biotechnology a new science? • Gene cloning/ genetic manipulation – modern day techniques; BUT • Many applications represent old practices with new methodologies. • Microorganisms have been used in fermentation of bread, cheeses, yogurts, alcoholic beverages.

10. Fermentation

11. Sumerian tablet recipe for beer 3200 BC Ancient Egyptians diet included bread & beer Chinese use of fermentation using beneficial bacteria to flavor and preserve food. Aztecs make cakes from Spirulina algae. Yeast for baking, wine & beers 5000 year old bread http://www.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/Chem101/alcohol/alcohol.htm http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/bread.htm

12. Selective breeding • To improve production of crops and livestock = food • Organisms with desirable features are purposely mated to produce offspring with the same desirable traits. • Choosing organisms with useful genes and taking advantage of their genetic potential for human benefit.

13. Antibiotics • Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillium mold inhibit the growth of bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (causes skin disease). • Use to treat bacterial infections in humans.

14. Birth of modern biotechnology • Since 1960s, rapid development and understanding in genetics and molecular biology – led to new applications and innovations in biotechnology. • Gene cloning- ability to identify and reproduce gene of interest • Genetic engineering- manipulating the DNA of an organism – recombinant DNA technology.

15. Biotechnology: A science of many disciplines

16. Summary of interdisciplinary nature in biotechnology

17. DNA FINGER PRINTING CRIMINIAL PROFILING CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION Forensic Human Genome Project Functional genomics PROTEOMICS CANCER RESEARCH GENE THERAPY THERAPEUTIC CLONING STEM CELLS Restriction enzymology Cloning Microarrays/GENE CHIP Genomics CHEESE BEER WINE BREAD YOGHURT Medical Biotech Recombinant DNA HUMAN DEFENCE SYSTEM VACCINES ANTIBODIES Fermentation Biotechnology Immunology Modern Biotech Classical Biotech Breeding Microbial Biotech FOOD BIOTECH ENZYMOLOGY ANTIBIOTICS FUELS BIOPOLYMERS AGRICULTURE BIOREMEDIATION Marine Biotech ANIMAL HUSBUNDARY CROP IMPROVEMENT HIGHER YEILD HIGHER RESISTANCE Plant Biotech Animal Biotech FISH BIOTECH NATURAL BIOPRODUCTS TISSUE CULTURE GENETICALLY MODIFIED MEDICIANL TRANSGENICS AGRICULTURE

18. Historical development of Biotechnology Prehistoric attempts by ancient ancestors to manipulate genetic composition of useful species. • Domestication of animals and cultivation of plants • Artificial selection of genetic variation or selective breeding • Evidence since 8000-1000BC • Eg maize, rice, wheat, palms, dogs, horses, camels ,oxens

19. Herbs for medicine ancient vaccines Cumin seeds have a distinctive bitter flavor and strong, warm aroma due to their abundant essential oil content. Their smell can also be detected in the eater's sweat even after consuming only small amounts. It is used as an ingredient of curry powder. In herbal medicine, cumin is classified as stimulant, carminative, and antimicrobial Saffron- stigmas of the flower Crocus sativus Tumeric And the ancient Chinese first inoculated people with a weakened strain of the smallpox (variola) virus to prevent further infection

20. 1850 1859 1866 1900 1850-1900birth of modern genetics Charles Darwin Origin of species Gregor Mendel Principles of Inheritance in pea plants Natural selection. How does the variation that drives evolution get transmitted? If Darwin had considered Mendel's work he would have an available answer. Darwin did receive Mendel's paper but was unread (unopened). Why was Mendel's work not appreciated b4 1900? Carl Correns, Hugo de Vries & Tschermak Rediscovery of Mendel’s work. Beginning of modern genetics 1900

21. Gregor Johann Mendelfather of classical genetics Heinzendorf Central Europe Augustinian monk 1856 Developed the theory of inheritance Demonstrated with statistical data from crossing Pisumsativum Suggested that every cell contained pairs of ‘factors’ and that each pair determine specific traits (law of segregation) Unappreciated (due to lack of understanding in cell structure and cell division), but rediscovered 1900 Experiments in plant hybridization

22. Chromosomal theory of inheritance Chromosomes discovered in early 20th century Epigenetic interpretation was further established Inherited traits are controlled by genes They reside in chromosomes These traits are faithfully transmitted through gametes (reproductive cell) to future individuals in the next generation Thomas Hunt Morgan

23. Barbara McClintock Jumping genes Colour variation in Maize Transposable elements Stevens & Wilson Sex chr XX: female XY: male 1900-1950cell biology, chromosomes, the search for genetic material Thomas H Morgan Chr theory of inheritance X linked inheritance Fly lab (Sturtevant) Linkage analysis 1902 Avery, MacLeod & McCarty Purified the transforming principle found to be DNA 1910 1944 1950 1900 1908 1919 term biotechnology used fro the 1st time Karl Ereky 1945 Archibald Garrod Inborn errors of metabolism ‘one mutant gene-one metabolic block’ Due to lack of specific enzyme (albinism & alkaptonuria) Max Delbruck Bacteriophages 1st antibiotic Penicillin discovered by Alexander Fleming Howard Florey 1928 NB Nucleic acid was 1st discovered 1869 by Friedrich Miescher obtained from pus Erwin Chargaff A:T, G:C ratio

24. Francis Crick & James Watson Solved double helix structure of DNA 1950-1980The code breakers Paul Berg & Herb Boyer 1st recombinant DNA molecules Fred Sanger DNA sequencing Rosalind Franklin X-ray diffraction photos of DNA Smith & Wilcox 1st restriction enzyme Hind III 1953 1951 1972 1977 1970 1980 1960 1970 1950 Monolconal antibody 1975 Kohler and Milstein. 1952 Martha Chase & Alfred Hershey Proof that DNA is Molecule of heredity Boyer Human Insulin from bacteria 1978 Genentech The dawn of biotechnology

25. 1960s-1980s • 1960's Olah Hornykiewicz, who originally discovered that Parkinson's disease - development of L-Dopa as a therapeutic agent while working in Toronto. • 1961 Discovery of the hematopoietic stem cell by Toronto researchers • 1975 George Kohler and Cesar Milstein show that fusing cells can generate monoclonal antibodies. • • 1982 First genetically engineered product - human insulin produced by Eli Lilly and Company using E. coli bacteria - is approved for use by diabetics.

26. Announcement of HGP completion Collins & Venter Automated DNA Sequencing machine Caltech & ABI 1980-2000 1986 Huntington's disease Linked to marker Gusella Embryonic stem cells Breast cancer gene Bcl-1, Bcl-2 Obesity gene Apoptosis gene etc identified Gene therapy trial Alec Jeffreys DNA fingerprinting 1984 1998 2000 1990 1994 1997 1980 1989 GM corn, FlavrSavr tomatoes 1987 Wilmut Clones Dolly 1985 Olson, YAC Kary Mullis PCR Francis Collins Lap Chee Tsui Identified gene CFTR (cystic fibrosis) Check timeline Human Genome project

27. Announcement of HGP completion Collins & Venter 2000-2010 1986 Rice genome seq-2002 Preimplantation genetics Personalised medicine Breast cancer gene Bcl-1, Bcl-2 Obesity gene Apoptosis gene etc identified Personal genome Sequencing $1000 2010 2005 2000 Glofish 2003 GM zebrafish Gene Chip Francis Collins Lap CheeTsui Identified gene CFTR (cystic fibrosis) Gene control of development in Drosophila Check timeline Human Genome project

28. Products of modern biotechnology • Currently- product related to human health • Pharmaceutical products: drugs, vaccines and diagnostic kits • 1st biotechnology product: in 1982,Genentech: recombinant insulin for diabetes. • Many products created by gene cloning: recombinant protein. • Future trends: gene therapy (treat and cure human disease)

29. Production of recombinant protein

30. Types of biotechnology

31. Microbial Biotechnology • Microbial Biotechnology – manipulation of microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria • Create better enzymes • More efficient decontamination processes for industrial waste product removal • Used to clone and produce large amounts of important proteins used in human medicine Saccharomycescerevisae Aspergillusniger

32. Agriculture • Agricultural Biotechnology • Genetically engineered, pest-resistant plants, drought resistance, cold-tolerant. • Foods with higher protein or vitamin content • Drugs developed and grown as plant products- molecular pharming(tobacco is a non food crop- to produce recombinant proteins in their leaves)

33. Animal • Animal Biotechnology • Animals as a source of medically valuable proteins • Antibodies (treatment for patients with immunity disorder) • Transgenic animal: secreted therapeutic proteins in their milk. Produced in large scale. • Animals as important models in basic research • Gene “knockout” experiments ( 1 or more genes are disrupted- to study the function of a gene) • Design and testing of drugs and genetic therapies • Animal cloning • Source of transplant organs

34. 1. Cloning requires an egg cell, and an adult donor cell.The (unwanted) chromosomes are removed from the egg cell and discarded.The nucleus, containing the DNA to be cloned, is removed from the donor cell. 2. The donor nucleus is inserted into the empty egg cell, a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).Afterwards the egg contains a full (adult) set of chromosomes as if it had been fertilised normally. 3. A pulse of electricity, or a chemical 'shock', kick-starts the development process, and the embryo begins to grow. 4. Cell division begins. The subsequent development of the embryo depends upon how successfully the donor nucleus has 're-programmed' the egg.

36. Forensic • Forensic Biotechnology • DNA fingerprinting- method for detecting an organism’s unique DNA pattern • Inclusion or exclusion of a person from suspicion based on DNA evidence • Paternity cases • Identification of human remains • Endangered species • Tracking and confirmation of the spread of disease ieE. coli, AIDS, meningitis etc.

37. Bioremediation • Bioremediation • The use of biotechnology to process and degrade a variety of natural and manmade substances • Particularly those that contribute to pollution • For example, bacteria that degrade components in crude oil • 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska

39. Aquatic • Aquatic Biotechnology • Aquaculture – raising finfish or shellfish in controlled conditions for use as food sources • 30% of all fish consumed by humans worldwide • Genetic engineering • Disease-resistant strains of oysters • Vaccines against viruses that infect salmon and other finfish • Rich and valuable sources of new genes, proteins and metabolic processes with important applications for human benefits • Marine plankton and snails found to be rich sources of antitumor and anticancer molecules

40. Medical • Medical Biotechnology • Involved with the whole spectrum of human medicine • Preventive medicine • Diagnosis of health and illness • Treatment of human diseases • New information from Human Genome Project • Gene therapy • Stem cell technologies

41. Medical • Medical Biotechnology

42. Regulatory • Regulatory Biotechnology • Quality Assurance (QA) • All activities involved in regulating the final quality of a product • Quality Control (QC) • Part of QA process that involves lab testing and monitoring of processes and applications to ensure consistent product standards

43. Biological Challenges of the 21st Century • How will medical biotechnology change our lives in the years ahead? • Human Genome Project • Research on the function of human genes and controlling factors that regulate genes • Human proteome • Collection of proteins responsible for activity in a human cell

44. Biological Challenges of the 21st Century • How will medical biotechnology change our lives in the years ahead? • Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) • Single nucleotide changes (mutations) in DNA sequences that vary from individual to individual • These variations influence how we respond to stress and disease and are the cause of genetic diseases • Arthritis, stroke, cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and behavioral and emotional illnesses

45. Biological Challenges of the 21st Century

46. Biological Challenges of the 21st Century • How will medical biotechnology change our lives in the years ahead? • Pharmacogenomics is customized medicine • Tailor-designing drug therapy and treatment strategies based on the genetic profile of a patient • Metabolomics • A snapshot of the small molecules produced during cellular metabolism • Glucose, cholesterol, ATP, and signaling molecules

47. Biological Challenges of the 21st Century • How will medical biotechnology change our lives in the years ahead? • Nanotechnology • Applications that incorporate extremely small devices • Small particles that can deliver drugs to cells

48. Biological Challenges of the 21st Century

49. Biological Challenges of the 21st Century • How will medical biotechnology change our lives in the years ahead? • Regenerative medicine • Genetically modifying stem cells of patients to treat genetic disease conditions

50. The Biotechnology Workforce • Biotechnology is a global industry • Generates more than $63 billion in worldwide revenues • $40 billion in sales of biological drugs in the United States