Introduction to Clinical Psychology: Science, Practice and Ethics Definition and Training

1. Introduction toClinical Psychology:Science, Practice and EthicsDefinition and Training Assist. Prof. Merve Topcu Department of Psychology, Çankaya University 2016-2017, Fall

2. Content • APA division definition • Basics of Clinical Psychology • Training • History

3. 1. APA Division12 Clinical Psychology • Definition • “The field of Clinical Psychology integrates science, theory, and practice to understand, predict, and alleviate maladjustment, disability, and discomfort as well as to promote human adaptation, adjustment, and personal development. Clinical Psychology focuses on the intellectual, emotional, biological, psychological, social, and behavioral aspects of human functioning across the life span, in varying cultures, and at all socioeconomic levels.” • Türk Psikologlar Derneği – Klinik Psikoloji Birimi

4. 2. Basics of Clinical Psychology • Features of Clinical Psychology • Emphasis on • Science • Determinism • Empiricism • Hypothetical constructs • Maladjustment & mental disorders • Individual & interpersonal-level • Helping • Respect for dignity • Responsible caring • Integrity in relationships • Responsibility to society

5. 2. Basics of Clinical Psychology • Activities of Clinical Psychologists • Administration • Psychological assessment • Treatment planning • Consultation • Diagnosis • Psychotherapy • Reporting • Research • Teaching • Program development For various pops!

6. 2. Basics of Clinical Psychology A day in the life of a Clinical Psychologist (Dr. Melinda Losee) Monday 8:00am - check messages, e-mail, return calls 9:00 - psychotherapy client 10:00 - psychotherapy client 11:00 - case conference -review new cases 12:00 - continuing education luncheon 1:00pm - intake new psychotherapy client 2:00 - consult with psychiatrist re: inpatients 3:00 - intake new psychotherapy client 4:00 - supervision of Master’s level clinicians 5:00 - paperwork EXAMPLE

7. 2. Basics of Clinical Psychology A day in the life of a Clinical Psychologist (Dr. Melinda Losee) Tuesday 8:00 -exercise 9:00 - check messages, return calls, prepare 10:00 - score/interpret psychological testing 11:00 - report writing 12:00 - lunch 1:00 - psychotherapy client 2:00 - psychological evaluation 3:00 - psychological evaluation continued 4:00 - psychotherapy client 5:00 - paper work/return calls EXAMPLE

8. 2. Basics of Clinical Psychology A day in the life of a Clinical Psychologist (Dr. Melinda Losee) Wednesday 8:00- check phone and e-mail, return calls 9:00 - report writing 10:00 – psychotherapy client 11:00 – Policy Committee 12:00 – Wellness Committee/lunch 1:00 - consultation with inpatient psychiatry 2:00 - consultation continued 3:00 - consultation continued 4:00 - report-writing 5:00 - paper work/return calls EXAMPLE

9. 2. Basics of Clinical Psychology Distinguishing Clinical Psychology from Related Professions • Psychiatry • Clinical Social Work • Counseling Psychology • School Psychology • Consultation

10. 3. Training in Clinical Psychology • Undergraduate preparation • GraduateSchool • Continuing Professional Education

11. 3. Training in Clinical Psychology 1. Undergraduate Preparation • Education in Psychology • Basic psychology courses • Clinically-relevant must & elective courses • Statistics and research methods • Broad Liberal Arts Education • “Hard” sciences • Related social sciences

12. 3. Training in Clinical Psychology 2. Getting into Graduate School • Grade Point Average (GPA) • Exams • Graduate Record Exams (GRA) • Lisansüstü Eğitimi Giriş Sınavı (LES) • TOEFL / IELTS • Yabancı Dil Bilgisi Seviye Tespit Sınavı (YDS) • Research experience • Clinically-relevant experience • Volunteer work • Internship • Letters of recommendation • Interviews

13. 3. Training in Clinical Psychology GraduateTraining in Clinical Psychology • Scientist-Practitioner Model • Clinical-Scientist Model • Criticisms of Scientist-Practitioner Model • Alternative Model – Psy.D. • Professional Schools

14. 3. Training in Clinical Psychology GraduateTraining in Clinical Psychology

15. 3. Training in Clinical Psychology Criticisms of Boulder Model • Training is not integrated • Faculty are poor role-models • Most applicants interested in practice • Few clinical psychologist do research • Research training not necessary to be a good clinician

16. 3. Training in Clinical Psychology GraduateTraining in Clinical Psychology Practice Science Scholar Practitioner Scientist Practitioner Clinical Scientist

17. 3. Training in Clinical Psychology Post-Doctoral Training • Licensure • In USA, State Board of Psychological Examiners • To protect the health, safety and welfare of the people of New Jersey. • To regulate the practice of psychology. • To ensure that licensed psychologists practice professionally and ethically. • Research/Academic Career • 1 to 3 years of post-doctoral training experience is common • Grant-supported post-doctoral fellowships • EuroPsy-The European qualification standard forpsychologists

18. 4. History of Clinical Psychology Ancient Roots • Hippocrates (c. 446-377) • The first one who emphasize biopsychosocial approach • Mental disturbances by natural causes • Melancholy • Phrenitis (Menenjit) • Mania • Hysteria • Greek Philosophers • Socrates (470-399) • Plato (428-347) • Role of societal forces on mental disturbances • Psychological needs in development of mental disturbances • Aristotle (384-323) • Biological determinants of mental disorders

19. 4. History of Clinical Psychology 15th – 17th centuries • 1500, mental disorders by natural forces, not by witchcraft or satanic possesions • Aslyums • Calming extreme behavior by bleeding with knives or leeches • 1700s, scientific methods in human experience • Humanity, influence of Renaissance • Use of moral therapy • Rapid increase in neurology, rapid recognition of mental conditions • See that some conditions cannot be purely explained by biology • 1800s-2000s, assessment-based developments

20. 4. History of Clinical Psychology 18th - 20th Centuries:Laying the Groundwork • Application of scientific principles to understand ab/normal human behavior • Wilhelm Wundt – the First psychology laboratory • Mckeen Catell – Reaction time & intelligence • Term «mental tests» • Measurement of Individual Differences • Emergence of Scientific Psychiatry • Krapelin – the term «syndrome» & classification system • Hysteria and Psychological Determinism • Jean Martin Charcot (1825-1893) • Piere Janet (1859-1947) • Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

21. 4. History of Clinical Psychology • Birth of the Discipline (1890-1910) • Rapid Growth of Psychology • Wilhelm Wundt (1875) • William James (1875) • G. Stanley Hall (1883) • James McKeen Cattell (1888) • By 1900-1940 Psychology laboratories at US Universities • APA, establihed in 1892 • The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test by AlfredBinet in 1916 • The Section on Clinical Psychology in 1919

22. 4. History of Clinical Psychology Childhood: WWI through WWII • Army Alpha & Army Beta Tests • Stanford-Binet – 1916 (revised in1937) • Wechsler-Bellvue – 1939 • Rorschach Inkblot Test – 1921 • Thematic Apperception Test – 1938 • MMPI - 1943

23. 4. History of Clinical Psychology Childhood: WWI through WWIIAPA • 1917 – AACP forms • 1919 – AACP incorporated into APA as Section f Clinical Psychology • 1921 – Ph.D. + published research • 1926 – creates associate member status • 1937 – AAAP formed • 1939 – 618 member, 1909 associates • 1942 – goals and membership qualifications change • 1944 – AAAP votes itself out of existence, joins APA Adolescence: Post WWII • Need for clinical psychologists • Training moneys become available • Shakow Report - 1947 • Boulder Conference - 1949

24. 4. History of Clinical Psychology Scientist- Practitioner Model • Training in University Departments of Psychology • Trained as Scientist and Practitioners • Internship – 1 year of full-time practice • Trained in diagnosis, research and therapy • Original research required Post-BoulderTraining Growth • NIMH, USPHS money available for doctoral training • VA – money for internship training • 1947 – 22 doctoral training programs in US • 1949 – 42 doctoral training programs in US • 1960 – 60 APA-accredited gradate training programs (55 NIMH funded)

25. 4. History of Clinical Psychology Adulthood • Training • Miami Beach conference 1958 – Psy.D. proposed • University of Illinois – 1968 – first Psy.D. program • California Professional School of Psychology – 1969 • Vail conference – 1974 – endorsement of Psy.D. as legit • Salt Lake City, Utah – 1987 • Greater diversity in training • All graduate programs must be affiliated with regionally accredited university • Not accepted by APA • Clinical Scientist Training proposed by Richard McFall, 1991.

26. 4. History of Clinical Psychology Adulthood • Psychotherapy • Client-Centered Therapy - Carl Rogers • Behavior Therapy – Joseph Wolpe, Hans Eysenck, B.F. Skinner • Cognitive-Behavior Therapy – Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck • Last 50 years increasingly identified with clinical psychology • Surveys – the most commonly engaged in activity by clinical psychologists • Psychological Testing • Clinical Utility • Q ‘does having assessment data on a patient actualy provide information leading clinical outcome?’ • Service evaluation • Increasing pressure to demonstrate psychological service work

27. 4. History of Clinical Psychology Adulthood • Professional Practice • Licensing vs. certification • All states create licensing/certification laws 1945-1980 • Psychologists get third-party reimbursement • Private practice grows • Managed care • Specialization • Division 12 – Society of Clinical Psychology: Sections • II – Clinical Geropsychology • III – Society of a Science of Clinical Psychology • IV – Clinical Psychology of Women • V. Clinical Psychology of Ethnic minorities • VI. – Emergencies and Crises • VII. – Association of Medical Psychology • Section 1 – Clinical Child Psychology became Division 53 • Section 5 – Society of Pediatric Psychology became Division 54

28. 4. History of Clinical Psychology Adulthood • Training • 1969 – 70 APA accredited programs • 1979 – 100 • 1989 – 157 • 1999 – over 200 • Membership • 1999 – over 50% APA members identify themselves as clinical • 1990’s 9 of 10 APA presidents clinical psychologists

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