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Retrieval

Retrieval. Memory is Synaptic Change. New memories = physiological changes in the brain making networks easier to fire by adjusting the dendrite/neurotransmitters system. The easier to fire, the easier linked memories or concepts are to remember. Illustrate?.

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Retrieval

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  1. Retrieval

  2. Memory is Synaptic Change • New memories = physiological changes in the brain • making networks easier to fire by adjusting the dendrite/neurotransmitters system. • The easier to fire, the easier linked memories or concepts are to remember. • Illustrate?

  3. Neurological Basis for memory • This stored ability for a circuit to fire is called: Long Term Potentiation (LTP) • Lack of neural connections explains Infantile Amnesia: the inability to remember episodic memories before age 3. • you can, however, remember implicit: skill memory • Where is that located in the brain? What does that lead us to believe about brain development?

  4. Memory Retrieval • To retrieve a memory you must first have some kind of retrieval cue • Examples?

  5. Retrieval • Activating one strand of a schematic memory is called priming. • Mnemonic devices encoding and mnemonic retrieval

  6. Speaking of schema… • What is a schema? • Framework that organizes ideas “This is a cow” • What is assimilation? • Interpreting new experience in terms of existing schema: looks at moose, calls it a cow • What is accommodation? • Modifies schema to include items after learning – discriminates between mama moose and baby moose

  7. Forgetting as Retrieval error. • If we cannot remember something, it could be that: • never encoded • difficulty retrieving it • Interference of other memories are common retrieval errors.

  8. Interference Theory = • Proactive • Old • Retroactive • New PORN

  9. pro= ahead, someone shooting an arrow out ahead and it kills all the stuff up front • Retro = rocket, the after-burn kills all the stuff behind it

  10. Forgetting as Retrieval error. • Proactive interference: • You studied French for three years and then decided to take Spanish in college. You may find yourself retrieving French words or pronouncing Spanish words with a French accent.

  11. Forgetting as Retrieval error • Retroactive Interference: • Say you’ve been driving for a while and then decide to learn a stick shift. Then when you start driving an automatic, you slam on the break with your left foot thinking it is a clutch.

  12. Jill Price: The Woman Who Could Not Forget • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SoxsMMV538U • The Real Rain Man • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2T45r5G3kA

  13. BREAK

  14. Prospective vs. Retrospective MEMORY

  15. Memory Construction is like a mosaic • Our memories are what we encode as well as how we retrieve them. • Remember we encode information semantically and may fill in the blanks with details that aren’t correct, or color the memory by the mood we are in.

  16. Memory Construction: like a mosaic • Déjà vu is often caused by the firing of network by a cue that makes you believe you’ve experienced the whole picture before, • recall vs. recognition

  17. Tip of Tongue • Problem of retrieval

  18. Retrieval • Context effect: Putting yourself back into the context where a memory was formed may trigger that memory. • Going by an old house, a smell of perfume from a former girlfriend, or the smell of autumn football, may bring back a flood of memories.

  19. Retrieval • State dependent memory: the state we are in influences the memories that are retrieved. • When sad, happy, drunk whatever, these become a retrieval cue.

  20. Mood Congruence: • when sad, we are likely to remember events as being sadder than we thought at the time or happier if happy.

  21. Source Amnesia • Where we got a memory from, the source, on of weakest areas of memory. • Child studies • Piaget? • Neuro brain development?

  22. Eyewitness Memory • Because of source amnesia and misinformation effect, eyewitness memories are notoriously bad.

  23. Elizabeth Loftus: Eyewitness • Faculty recall confabulation • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XcywPdORySA

  24. Misinformation Effect • Similarly, we can encode a false memory if we are led to believe something occurred that didn’t. • That memory will become just as real as memory of an event that actually occurred. • We also fill in the gaps when retrieving memories • retrieval cues offered can change the memory as it comes out. • Retrieval activity

  25. Repression or Motivated Forgetting • People seem to purposefully forget things (motivated forgetting), but many repressed memories that are recovered seem to been planted, usually unknowingly. • What do you believe?

  26. Amnesia • Retrograde amnesia – unable to recall before amnesia (cases amnesia) • Damage to areas associated with declarative memories • Tumors, strokes, hypoxia, damage to prefrontal cortex • Anterograde amnesia – unable to recall after trauma • Concussion, car crash, ECT • Usually happens in hippocampus • Infantile amnesia • Source amnesia • Alzheimers • Clive Wearing: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OmkiMlvLKto

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