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聖保祿中學

St. Paul's Secondary School. 聖保祿中學. SBBC41. Introduction. Animal fats → health problems Healthy eating style Oil discharged Alternative source of energy. Why Biodiesel?. Petroleum is running out Little or n o modifications of diesel engines needed Biodegradable N ontoxic, safe to use

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聖保祿中學

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  1. St. Paul's Secondary School 聖保祿中學 SBBC41

  2. Introduction Animal fats → health problems Healthy eating style Oil discharged Alternative source of energy

  3. Why Biodiesel? Petroleum is running out Little or no modifications of diesel engines needed Biodegradable Nontoxic, safe to use Renewable

  4. Advantages of using Biodiesel over diesel No sulphur dioxide emission Higher cetane number Leaves less dirt in tank and fuel system Useful by-product obtained glycerine

  5. NaOH Principles behind • Transesterfication Useful Products: • 1) glycerin 2) esters

  6. To investigate the possibility of using different kinds of lipids (fats and oils) • in the production of Biodiesel. • To comparethe effectiveness of different kinds of Biodiesel. • To investigate the possible uses of • the by-product glycerin.

  7. A. MAKING BIODIESEL

  8. Extraction of animal fats (Pig oil)

  9. Mix 0.7g of NaOH(s) and 40 cm3 of methanol to from sodium methoxide

  10. Mix sodium • methoxide and • 200ml of oil/fat, with • continuous stirring • using a magnetic • stirrer. • Temperature • monitored by a • thermometer and • maintained at 50 oC

  11. Biodiesel Using separating funnel to separate biodiesel from glycerin Glycerin

  12. Removing unreacted sodium hydroxide and methanol Washing biodiesel using water Biodiesel Water for washing Before washing, biodiesel turns pH paper blue.

  13. Dry cobalt(II) chloride paper turns from blue to pink. Biodiesel with traces of water remains after washing

  14. Biodiesel is dripping through a column packed with anhydrous calcium sulphate.

  15. Dry cobalt(II) chloride paper remains blue Dried Biodiesel tested with dry cobalt (II) chloride paper

  16. Biodiesel made up of pig oil Biodiesel made up of chicken oil Biodiesel made up of waste oil Biodiesel made up of canola oil Various kinds of Biodiesels

  17. Self-made Calorimeter To measure the energy released by burning different Biodiesel

  18. Fuel Energy released (J / g) Pig Oil Fuel 37456 Chicken Oil Fuel 36259 Waste Canola Oil Fuel 24570 Canola Oil Fuel 24600 Canola Oil Fuel mixed with 38050 Pig Oil Fuel (2:1) Canola Oil Fuel mixed with 34322 Pig Oil Fuel (1:1) Canola Oil Fuel mixed with Chicken Oil Fuel (1:1) 33174

  19. - to see which fuel produces the least amount of soot

  20. Sootiness of flame (Scale: not sooty → ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ Fuel very sooty) ＊ ＊ Pig Oil Fuel ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ Chicken Oil Fuel ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ Waste Canola Oil Fuel ＊ ＊ Canola Oil Fuel ＊ Canola Oil Fuel mix with ＊ ＊ Pig Oil Fuel (2:1) Canola Oil Fuel mix with ＊ ＊ ＊ Pig Oil Fuel (1:1) Canola Oil Fuel mix with Chicken Oil Fuel (1:1) ＊ ＊ ＊

  21. to determine which fuel retains its fluidity and flows best at low temperature

  22. Uses of side-product of biodiesel production: Glycerin Preparation of Glycerin Soap 3 cm3 of castor oilis added to 45 cm3 of NaOH. Castor oil NaOH

  23. The mixture was then heated for 30 mins with constant stirring.

  24. A few cm3 of glycerin and 20 ml of ethanol are added to the mixture with constant stirring.

  25. Some saturated NaCl solution is then poured into the mixture for salting out the soap.

  26. Glycerin Soap The residue is filtered and washed with distilled water, then set hard in a mould to obtain the glycerin soap.

  27. Error Ways to improve Heat loss to the surroundings during measurement of the heat of combustion Improve the accuaracy of the calorimeter- reduce heat exchange between the environment and the set-up - burn a greater mass of biodiesel and use a larger amount of water for measuring the temperature rise

  28. Error Ways to improve During the formation of Biodiesel, temperature of the mixture was not always kept below 60 oC - methanol might evaporate - formation of Biodiesel was affected Use a spotlight or a heatlamp which can control the temperature steadily to around 50 oC- rapid evaporation of methanol is prevented - Biodiesel can be formed more effectively

  29. Error Ways to improve During the measurement of sootiness of the flame, comparison was only made by naked eyes. Using “weighing by difference” to measure the mass of soot being formed.

  30. Pour Pointuse dry ice-to lower the temperature below 0oC Perform more systematic blendingbetween different types of oils forbetter comparison:1) the more energy-efficient Biodiesel 2) the one which produces the least amount of soot

  31. Explore the possibility of using other animal fats to produce biodiesel • Compare the amount of energy and soot produced by biodiesel and conventional diesel.

  32. highest fluidity at 0 oC performed best when testing the pour point releases the greatest amount of energy per gram 1. The most efficient fuel is…

  33. Animal fats Biodiesel 2. Animal fats can also be used to produce biodiesel

  34. Conclusion (cont’) Production of Biodiesel can be shifted from Vegetable Oil toAnimal Fats Production of Biodiesel

  35. Conclusion (cont’) Animal-Fat BiodieselvsVegetable oil Biodiesel Animal-Fat Biodiesel Vegetable-Oil Fuel - smaller cetane number, - poorer ignition quality - larger cetane number, - better ignition quality Releases more energyReleases less energy Making use of waste instead of materials that have alternative uses. Food source for direct consumption More expensive fuel stock due to increasing demand and running out of raw materials under extreme weather Guarantees a steady supply of fat and avoids shortage

  36. After further refining, glycerin can be used in Soap Food Pharmaceutical products Drugs Cosmetics The crude glycerin can be used to produce Hydrogen which can be used as automobile fuel Daily application of side product - glycerine

  37. http://en.wikipedia.org/ http://www.journeytoforever.org/ http://www.chemistryland.com/Biodiesel/ http://www.docstoc.com/docs/23106026/Experiment-4-%E2%80%93-Biodiesel http://www.nora-oilheat.org/site20/uploads/factfinding1.pdf http://alexandresis.deviantart.com/art/Biodiesel-53559444 Photos: 1. http://image.8-lug.com/f/readersrides/0901_8l_readers_rides_diesel_trucks/18 440391+pheader_460x1000/0901_8l_01+readers_diesel_trucks+2008_f250.jpg 2. http://www.conniesicottedesigns.com/ 3. http://www.newsoftworld.com/forums/pakistan/5784-plz-b-alert-sochie-zara-cooking-oil-history-pakistan.html 4. http://livinlavidalocarb.blogspot.com/2006/02/canola-oil-low-in-saturated-fat-but-is.html 5. http://205.153.241.230/issues/emergejan2005/index.html

  38. Conservation of Natural Resources Conservation of Energy, Land and Water Reduces Emission of - sulphur dioxide - waste water - hazardous waste compared to petroleum

  39. Continuous Microbial Fermentation ---Ito et al. (2005) Catalytic reforming operating at moderate temperatures and pressures. ---Wood (2002) Steam reforming of glycerin in the gas phase with metals catalysts. ---Hirai et al. (2005)

  40. Biodiesel compare with Ethanol Biodiesel is also not the same as ethanol. Ethanol is a renewable biofuel made primarily from corn and intended for use in gasoline-powered engines, while biodiesel is a renewable biofuel made from a variety of materials and designed for use in diesel engines, with different properties and benefits.

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