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Integrated Middle School Curriculum

Integrated Middle School Curriculum Partnership for Environmental Education and Rural Health (PEER; http://peer.tamu.edu ) Texas A&M University. Primary Authors : Jon Hunter Bill Klemm Deborah Kochevar Jim Kracht Based on a story by Marguerite Swilling.

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Integrated Middle School Curriculum

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  1. Integrated Middle School Curriculum Partnership for Environmental Education and Rural Health (PEER; http://peer.tamu.edu) Texas A&M University

  2. Primary Authors:Jon Hunter Bill Klemm Deborah KochevarJim KrachtBased on a story byMarguerite Swilling Production of the Partnership for Environmental Education and Rural Healthfunded by NIEHS, Larry Johnson, PI

  3. Your Middle School Mr. or Ms. Smith’s class

  4. Do you recall? • Read “Hard River Escape” carefully. • Test your memory and understanding of important details by completing the Challenge Quiz. UK-1.0

  5. Want to find out more about Ukraine? Click here to take a tour! UK-2.0

  6. Where is Ukraine? The global address or absolute location of the center of Ukraine is 49° N.L. and 32° E.L. • Is Ukraine in the Northern or Southern Hemisphere? • Is Ukraine in the Eastern or Western Hemisphere? UK-3.0

  7. N W E S Point and click on the name of the continent where Ukraine is located. UK-4.0

  8. Point and click on the center of Ukraine on the map. (49° N.L., 32° E.L.) UK-5.0

  9. Were you correct? Look for the highlight around Ukraine. What is the latitude for Ukraine? _______° North or South? What is the longitude for Ukraine? _______° West or East? The absolute location for Ukraine is _____________________. UK-6.0

  10. Where is Dnipropetrovs’k, Ukraine? The global address or absolute location of Dnipropetrovs’k is 48° N.L. and 35° E.L. UK-7.0

  11. Point and click on Dnipropetrovs’k, Ukraine on the map. (48° N.L., 35° E.L.) UK-8.0

  12. Were you correct? Look for highlight around Dnipropetrovs’k. What is the latitude for Dnipropetrovs’k? _________° North or South? What is the longitude for Dnipropetrovs’k? _________° West or East? The absolute location for Dnipropetrovs’k, Ukraine is ________________. UK-9.0

  13. N W E S The absolute location for Dnipropetrovs’k, Ukraine is 48° N.L., 35° E.L. The absolute location of Houston, Texas is 30° N.L., 95° W.L. • Which city is further North? • Which city is closer to the Equator? • Which city is located in the Eastern Hemisphere? In the Western Hemisphere? UK-10.0

  14. Look on the map above to find what cities match the addresses given below. 1. What city is located at 50° N.L., 24° E.L.? __________________ 2. What city is located at 50° N.L., 31° E.L.? __________________ 3. What city is located at 49° N.L., 39° E.L.? __________________ 4. What city is located at 46° N.L., 31° E.L.? __________________ UK-11.0

  15. Were you correct? 1. L’viv is located at 50° N.L., 24° E.L. 2. Kiev is located at 50° N.L., 31° E.L. 3. Luhans’k is located at 49° N.L., 39° E.L. 4. Odesa is located at 46° N.L., 31° E.L. UK-12.0

  16. Just Checking The global address of a place using latitude and longitude is known as _____________. Global addresses north of the equator are referred to as North ______________. Global addresses west of the prime meridian are referred to as West ______________. Both latitude and longitude are measured in ______________. UK-13.0

  17. Test your understanding of latitude and longitude by taking the Absolute Location Challenge Quiz. UK-14.0

  18. Relative Location Where is Ukraine in relation to other places in the world? UK-15.0

  19. N W E S Ukraine is circled in black on the map above. 1, On what continent is Ukraine located? 2. What continent is south of Ukraine? 3. What continent is east of Ukraine? UK-16.0

  20. N W E S If you were to travel using the shortest distance to Ukraine from your home, in which direction would you travel? UK-17.0

  21. Ukraine is circled in black on the map below. 1. What countries are to the west of Ukraine? 2. What large country is to the northeast of Ukraine? 3. Name the sea located south of Ukraine. UK-18.0

  22. Dnipropetrovs’k is highlighted on the map. 1. What city is the capital of Ukraine?_______________ 2. This city is located in what direction from Dnipropetrovs’k? ___________ 3. When K.T. and Nikolai traveled on the Dnieper River from Kiev to Dnipropetrovs’k, in what direction did they travel? _____________________ 4. The city of Odesa is located in what direction from Dnipropetrovs’k? ______________ UK-19.0

  23. Just Checking You are talking with a friend. She asks, “Where is Ukraine?” How would you respond? If you were to travel from Texas to Ukraine, in what direction would you travel? If you were to travel from Ukraine to Paris, France, in what direction would you travel? Which of the following is closer to Ukraine? ___Germany ___the USA ___India UK-20.0

  24. Let’s Investigate the Mystery: • From the “Hard River Escape” story, make a list of the basic health problems • What are the possible causes of these problems? Can you state these in the form of hypotheses? • What kind of evidence would you need to confirm which of your hypotheses is correct? Click here for help on hypothesis and experimental design. UK-21.0

  25. Predictions What predictions could you make if the hypothesis were proved correct? UK-22.0

  26. What’s up with the frogs? • What are possible NATURAL causes of frogs with three hind legs? • How would a 3rd leg affect a frog’s normal movements? • What are possible manmade pollutants that could cause a three-hind-legged frog? UK-23.0

  27. Your Challenge: Why are frogs deformed? • The old fisherman showed Nikolai and K.T an abnormal frog. This abnormality did not occur in other species. Why would frogs be affected when the other animals in the area did not seem to be? (Hint: Consider where frogs live in relation to other animals. What type of animals are they?) • Abnormal frogs are excellent indicators that the environment is not safe. Can we assume that whatever is affecting the frogs in the Ukraine, might eventually affect humans? UK-24.0

  28. Frogs as Environmental Monitors • Frogs are very sensitive to toxic hazards • Perhaps because of the profound changes that occur between tadpole and adult stages • Ever hear about canaries in a coal mine? (Miners used to put a canary in the mine with them. If bird got sick, miners got out) • Click here to find a good site on frogs and toads UK-25.0

  29. Cancer What kinds of body changes occur in cancer? Genetic disorder What kinds of body changes occur in genetic disorders? What could the 3 hind-legs indicate? UK-26.0

  30. Are deformed frogs and the sickness in humans caused by the same pollution? Why or Why Not? For more on frog development click here. UK-27.0

  31. Natural Factors for Birth Defects • In the environment, there are many cases of genetic mutations or birth defects occurring spontaneously, meaning that there is no outside cause, just a “freak of nature”. How could you rule out this possibility as the reason for a three-hind-legged frog? • Another possible factor is exposure to UV radiation. UV light is a known cause of mutations. What experiment could you perform to prove that the cause was NOT UV light? • Yet another possibility are toxic minerals that become exposed during mining or excavations. UK-28.0

  32. Recall the “Hard River” Story What conditions or situations in the story do we have to consider as possible causes for the deformed frogs? HINT: There are at least SIX UK-29.0

  33. Investigating Food In the “Hard River” story, was there any indication that something the frogs were eating was the cause of their deformity? UK-30.0

  34. Investigating Water In the “Hard River” story, what sources of contaminated water were mentioned that might affect the frogs? UK-31.0

  35. Investigating Skin Contact In the “Hard River” story, was there any mention of contaminants contacting the frogs’ skin? UK-32.0

  36. Investigating Air In the “Hard River” story, what was said about contaminants in the air? (Remember, frogs have lungs and breathe air). UK-33.0

  37. Malformed Frogs Can Warn Us of Danger in the Environment What is it about frogs that make them good indicators of environmental pollution? UK-34.0

  38. Possible Multiple Routes of Exposure What are the possible multiple routes of exposure mentioned in the story? Hint: remember the kinds of pollutants mentioned in the story. UK-35.0

  39. Manmade Pollutants Many, many, many of the chemicals made today could cause mutations or birth defects in animals. Look at the following list. Which of these were mentioned in some way in the story? 1. Pesticide runoff from nearby farms 2. Drugs thrown into the pond 3. Heavy metal (lead, gold, etc) poisoning from mining sites upriver 4. Radiation from the Chernobyl disaster 5. Air pollution from industries in nearby town of Dnipropetrovs’k UK-36.0

  40. The Chernobyl AccidentDid it cause the abnormal frog? • Radiation is a very powerful cause of gene mutation. What could you do to rule out radiation as the mutation factor? If radiation can cause mutations in wildlife, could it do the same to humans? • Why, besides the immediate danger from the explosions, were some people killed soon after the Chernobyl meltdown? UK-37.0

  41. How does radiation cause sickness? • One way: Direct damage to DNA and RNA. • Second way: Creation of “free radicals,” which are highly reactive body chemicals that are created by interaction of radiation with normal body chemicals. • Body chemicals are changed when they absorb the high energy of radiation. It is more than they can handle. UK-38.0

  42. Would you expect any delayed effects of radiation? There WILL be delayed effects. Do you know what kind and why? UK-39.0

  43. What was the total area evacuated? Mission : Evacuation Following the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident, radiation was emitted in all directions from the reactor. The people living within 30 km were evacuated for their own protection. For more information on area calculations, click here. UK-40.0

  44. If the Russian soldiers patrolled the entire circumference of the area evacuated around Chernobyl, how far would they have to travel to circle once around the perimeter? Making The Rounds Click here for more information on circumference. UK-41.0

  45. How would the weather affect radiation distribution after the accident? Click to find out more about weather and climate. UK-42.0

  46. Heavy Metal Poisoning • In large doses, many metals can poison an organism. However, some of these same metals are necessary in small doses for the body to function correctly (copper, zinc, iron). How can a metal be both helpful and harmful to the body? • Some common toxic metals are mercury, cadmium, aluminum, arsenic, copper and lead. Do some research on the web and in your library to find out if any of these metals are natural to Ukraine. UK-43.0

  47. Oil Refinery Emissions • Oil refineries put many kinds of toxic chemicals into the air. • Could these emissions have caused the sickness in the people? … In the frogs? UK-44.0

  48. How about the river? The river had industrial waste and sewage contamination. • Did it affect the fish? • What do you think? • Design an experiment that would test the hypothesis that these pollutants affected the fish. UK-45.0

  49. How else can rivers get contaminated? Hint: Where does river water come from? What kinds of toxins could be picked up by water draining over land? UK-46.0

  50. Pesticide Runoff Farmers use pesticides to protect their plants from being eaten by bugs. Are farmers causing the problem? How could a scientist prove that pesticides were causing abnormal frogs found in Ukraine? UK-47.0

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