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Chapter 12

Chapter 12. Research related to Sanctions. From the headlines. Survey of 100 senior executives Dress influences promotion (a positive sanction) Appearance influences impressions of Credibility Suitability for role with greater responsibility Decisions about what to wear to work

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Chapter 12

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  1. Chapter 12 Research related to Sanctions

  2. From the headlines • Survey of 100 senior executives • Dress influences promotion (a positive sanction) • Appearance influences impressions of • Credibility • Suitability for role with greater responsibility • Decisions about what to wear to work • Would managers at my company wear this? • Does it give me confidence? • Is it clean and in good condition? • Is it comfortable?

  3. Appearance influences impressions of credibility

  4. Questions to answer • How do researchers study sanctions against dress norm violations? • How does research reveal the interrelatedness of the aspects and variations of sanctions? • What methods are used to conduct research related to sanctions against dress norm violations? • What tools are used to collect data for research related to sanctions?

  5. Use of sanctions within the family • Socialization agents • Parents/guardians • Earliest • Most influential • In transmitting society’s values and norms • Positive sanctions—praise, compliments • Negative sanctions—shame, guilt

  6. Positive sanctions--compliments

  7. Shame—negative self-evaluation

  8. Teasing • Teasing • Sarcasm Insults Mockery • Ridicule Making fun of • Belittling Malicious remarks • During childhood, obese girls receive more comments and more teasing

  9. Socialization Agents Transmit • Cultural principle of acceptable and ideal appearance (e.g., weight/height ratio or Body Mass Index) • Appearance-related teasing can have long-term effects on body image, depression, and eating disturbances

  10. Society’s Values and Norms

  11. Body Mass Index (BMI) • Formula: Weight/(height X height) x 703 • Divide your weight by the square of your height • Multiply by a conversion factor of 703 • Below 18.5 Underweight • 18.5 – 24.9 Normal • 25.0-29.9 Overweight • 30.0 and above Obese

  12. What is Cathy’s BMI?

  13. Prevalence and effects of teasing by family members • Teasing about appearance—risk factor for body image and eating disturbances • Middle-school girls • 23% teased by a parent about appearance • 12% teased by a parent about being overweight • 19% teased by fathers • 13% teased by mothers • 29% teased by siblings

  14. Teasing by mothers related to depression • Teasing by fathers related to • Body dissatisfaction • Social comparison • Thin-ideal internalization • Restriction • Bulimic behaviors • Self-esteem • Depression

  15. Dear Ann Landers • A recent letter from “Heavy-Duty Problem in Atlanta” described the conflict between a husband and wife over their daughter’s weight. The mother was concerned because the girl is overweight and a borderline diabetic. The father felt she was being picked on by her mother. You replied that the father should support the mother’s efforts to help “Sue.”

  16. Where in the world did you get the idea that the mother is helping the girl? However well-intentioned and sincere she believes her concerns are for her daughter’s health, it is obvious from her reference to “excess blubber” that the daughter is receiving a lot of negative, judgmental, and accusatory vibes.

  17. Frequency of teasing related to Body dissatisfaction Social comparison Thin-ideal internalization Restriction Bulimic behaviors Self-esteem Perfectionism Appearance-related teasing is NOT a harmless behavior

  18. Positive and negative body-related comments and body satisfaction • Body satisfaction—an individual’s satisfaction with specific physical features, weight and/or shape • 898 54-year-old females • 50% reported positive comments from spouse • 25% reported negative comments from spouse

  19. Positive or negative comment?

  20. Comments while growing up • Positive comments—25% of women • Source: mothers • Negative comments—33% of women • Source: peers at school • Negative comments recalled from childhood had a negative effect on midlife body satisfaction

  21. Family Support

  22. Power of other people • Damaging experiences in childhood • Embarrassment, ridicule, comments • Praise, support • Others—parents, coaches, teachers, spouses, physicians • Most teasing related to body size and shape • Women recalled more experiences than men

  23. Comments related to weight

  24. Use of sanctions within the school • Sanctions used by students against their peers • Sanctions used by students against teachers and administrators • Sanctions used by teachers and administrators against students

  25. Name-calling and Nicknames9-10 year old children • Negative experience • Most common content of nicknames—physical appearance • Weight • Height • Nose • Teeth • Hair • Skin (freckles, warts)

  26. Sanctions used by students against their peers

  27. Frequency and effects • More than 20% experienced nasty comments and unkind nicknames daily • Effects—unhappy, upset

  28. Teasing, name-calling, nicknames • Targets of such sanctions are “different” • Appearance, personality, ethnicity, etc. • Deviate from some social norm • Lack of tolerance in U.S. society for individuals who look different • Usually involves repeated exposure over time to negative actions on the part of one or more people

  29. Deviation from a social norm

  30. 5th grade boys and girls • Teasing and bullying in school • Teasing was verbal aggression • Name-calling • Laughing at another’s appearance, race, academic, or athletic abilities • Cursing • Spreading rumors

  31. Teasing is verbal aggression

  32. Children recalled • Names—geek, shrimp, wimp, etc. • Teasing remarks—too big, too fat, too tall • Targets did not look like everyone else • Wore glasses • Wore bad clothes • Teasing was an extreme and extensively pervasive sanction

  33. Ugly duckling

  34. Bullying • When children say nasty things to a child • When a child is hit, kicked, threatened, locked inside a room, or sent nasty notes • When no one ever talks to a child • When a child is teased repeatedly in a nasty way • Most bullying took the form of name-calling--50% of younger students; 67% of secondary students

  35. Name-calling and Nicknames • Name-calling is calling someone abusive, disgraceful or shameful names • Unkind nicknames are names given to a person in contempt or derision • Verbal sanctions

  36. Name-calling

  37. Adult recollections of name-calling and nicknames during school • More than half were called hurtful names • Name-calling peaked between 8-12 years of age • Most common content of names referred to physical appearance • Other categories of names (e.g., famous person, animals, objects) also related to appearance

  38. Famous people

  39. Results of name-calling • Negative feelings such as anger, embarrassment, shame, unhappiness • Effects of name-calling lasted into adulthood

  40. Memories of childhood teasing and anxiety and depression as adults • Teasing Questionnaire (TQ) • Being ugly or unattractive • Weight • Height • Aspects of appearance (e.g., dress, glasses, hair color) • Ethnic or cultural differences (wearing special items of clothing such as a head covering)

  41. Results • Males and females scored equally on TQ • Appearance-related items endorsed most strongly • Females—recalled being teasing about • Weight • Height • Appearance

  42. Results • Males recalled being teased about • Aspects of appearance • Hair color • Weight • Excelling at school • There was a relationship between teasing during childhood and both depression and anxiety as adults

  43. Teasing of overweight and non-overweight children • Teasing about physical attributes • Being called disparaging nicknames • Frequency • Duration • Perpetrators • Emotional impact of teasing

  44. Overweight children • Appearance-related teasing most prevalent, frequent and upsetting • Involved disparaging nicknames • More often by peers • Contemptuous nicknames related to fat, body parts, overweight characters, and large animals or objects

  45. Teasing was related to • Weight concerns • Loneliness • Negative self-perception • Preference for sedentary/isolative activities • Lower preference for active-social activities

  46. Case studies of school shootings • Possible role of teasing and rejection • 3 forms of rejection among adolescents • Teasing • Ostracism • Romantic rejection • Occur in the presence of other people • An element of public humiliation • Perpetrators had been teased or bullied • Many had been ostracized

  47. Ridicule • One means of communicating consumptions norms and values among adolescents • Interviews • Recalled mean-spirited barbs (hurtful remarks) • Used to put down and exclude those • Who did not fit into the group

  48. Recalled being taunted • About over-protective parents • About being immature • Name-calling • Responded to ridicule by conforming to group norms • Sought greater control over clothing purchases • Peer opinions replaced parental input

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