ChE 414 Chemical Engineering Laboratory II

1. ChE 414Chemical Engineering Laboratory II Instructor Dr. C. Niu September, 2006

2. Website:http://www.engr.usask.ca/classes/CHE/414/index.html Text: ChE 414.2 Laboratory Manual (available online at course website) Office hours: Thurs & Fri 10:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m. Rm: 1C129 Eng. Bld.

3. What Labs ? • Surge Tank Data Acquisition and Process Dynamics • Fermentation: Kinetics of Yeast Growth • Packed Column: Pressure Drop and Flooding • Filtration • Centrifugal Pump

4. What Courses related? Surge Tank:CHE 413, 423 (process dynamics and control); CHE 210, 320 (fluid mechanics) Fermentation:CHE 461 (biochemical engineering) Packed column: CHE 315, 421 (mass transfer) Filtration:CHE 315, 421 (mass transfer); CHE 210, 320 (fluid mechanics) Centrifugal Pump: CHE 210, 320 (fluid mechanics)

5. Develop skills in - Equipment operation - Data recording - Analysis of the data using academic theory - Technical report writing in the selected typical Chem. Eng. processes

6. Marking • Lab performance: (4X2.5%) • Lab notebook: 10% • Technical letters: (2X10%) • Brief report: 25% • Formal report: 35% Overall mark: 100% No exam

7. Plagiarism is DEFINITELY NOT acceptable! • Copy other people’s report • Citing without referencing the source Plagiarism results in 0 mark for the report Be aware of & Followthe new University of Saskatchewan Academic Honesty/Dishonesty definitions, rules and procedures www.usask.ca/honesty.

8. Due Date and Overdue Penalty • Due date • 2 weeks after the experiment date. 10 “free” late hand-in days for the whole course Indicate on your report when use it. • Penalty • 10% of the full marks (100) per week (2%/day) deducted from the late reports • submissions will NOT be accepted after Dec. 18th, 2006.

9. Requirements • Lab performance • Write-ups: technical writing • Fundamentals of each lab

10. Lab performance Be prepared for: • Objectives • Theory / knowledge • Design of experiment • Parameters to be measured • Apparatuses, procedures and principles • Find out: what to learn Initiate the contact for the pre-lab help with the demonstrators & the lab coordinator

11. Lab performance During the experiments: • Follow the experimental procedures • Record observations in Lab Notebook • Test the validity of data and/or results • Pay attention to SAFETY issues • personnel • equipment

12. Write-ups / Reports • Technical memo • Brief report • Formal report • Lab notebook: during the experiments

13. Write-ups / Reports One student is required to hand in • 2 technical letters • 1 brief report • 1 formal report • 1 lab notebook

14. Write-ups / Reports No repetition in each group for • formal report • brief report • technical letters

15. Write-ups / Reports In one group, you may label the 4 labs by A, B, C, and D in your own order. Each member of the group should keep the same order.

16. Lab Notebook No sheets of paper Permanently bounded & recorded • Briefly outline the title, apparatus, experimental conditions and procedures before labs Suggest making table for recording data • Record clearly all original observations & simple calculations of data • MUST be examined, dated and initialed by the TAs before leaving the laboratory

17. Lab Notebook Refer to ChE 333 class website for RULES FOR LABORTORY NOTEBOOKS Submit the lab notebook at the end of the term for marking

18. Technical Memorandum • Body of text: maximum two pages  • Introduction - concise introduction of the system used - a brief statement of the objectives of the experiment - a general description of the procedure followed • Results - discussions and comparison of all required results with values from literature - equations used - a brief table of results or major graphs attached to support the conclusions.  • Conclusions and recommendations • Sign your memo on the last page below the text

19. To: From: (your name, group X) Re: (Lab name) Date: (of the preparation of the memo) Your group logo (optional) The text of memo is put here below the line.

20. ChE 414 - TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM GRADE SHEET Student: ______________________________________ Experiment: ______________________________________ Due Date: ___/___/___ Date Rec’d: ___/___/___ Late Penalty: ___ %

21. Formal Technical Report • Title page and Table of Contents • Abstract • Table of contents, table of figures, table of tables • Introduction • Review of theory or literature • Experimental Section: apparatus and procedure • Results and Discussion • Conclusions • Recommendations • Nomenclature • Reference • Appendices

22. Formal Technical Report Title page • Course number • Name (Your name and state the partner’s name) • Lab title • Prepared for (instructor’s name) • Date lab done • Date report due Table of contents

23. Formal Technical Report Abstract • State briefly the purpose of the investigation • Describe briefly how the results are obtained • Give all required results in a concise and quantitative format if possible. • Use words, no tables, figures and equations • Normally no more than 250 words.

24. Formal Technical Report Introduction • Include information on the subject of the investigation and its importance in industry • Cite the references; • Describe clearly the objectives of the lab.

25. Formal Technical Report Literature review or theory • Provide sufficient theoretical background to the particular experiments • Develop the equations or models to correlate your experimental data. detailed derivation placed in Appendix • Describe how to obtain the model parameters and predict the particular system • Cite the references

26. Formal Technical Report Apparatus and Experimental Procedures • Specify the main apparatuses used make, model and use • Describe the procedures Highlight important experimental conditions • Give the names of quality of the materials. Make sure other people can repeat your work and obtain the same results if they follow your description.

27. Formal Technical Report Results and Discussions • Present the significant experiment results required in the Lab Manual in words and graphs. • State the data treatment processes and the outcomes. • Discuss the results of experiments and model simulations or predictions. • Compare your results with that in literatures if available. • Logically discuss and lead to conclusions.

28. Attention • Consistent format • The unit for every parameters in the equations has to be conformed. • Figures or Tables in the body of text • Titles of figures, axes, and tables • Briefly state the experimental conditions • Experimental data: represented by unique symbol for each group of data in figures • Modeling curves: different lines with legends • Show model significance when fitting models

29. error bar: 95% confidence interval Modeling the effect of IS on Cr uptakes40±1 mg AWUS, 20±0.2 mL solution

30. Formal Technical Report Conclusions and Recommendations • Conclusions should be summarized following the discussions. • Lists your suggestions on how we can improve the labs.

31. Formal Technical Report Nomenclature • Completely lists the symbols that appear in your report, their definition and unit in a professional and consistent format. Refer to a published paper.

32. Formal Technical Report Reference • Completely lists every reference cited, mentioned or used in the text of the report in a professional and consistent format. • Follows either the number order or the alphabetical order.

33. Formal Technical Report Reference format examples In the text: ……Adams concluded that ……1. However, that conclusion may be suspicious because ……2 In the Reference section: References 1. Adams, A. B. title of publication. …… 2. Cook, H. M., Author #2, …… Ref: Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research or in the text: It was concluded ( Adams, 2001) that ……. However, that conclusion may be suspicious (Davis and Volesky, 2001) because ……(Niu, et. al., 2005) References Adams, A. B. year, title of publication, publisher, page (book) Davis, T. and B. Volesky, year, title of paper, volume, issue, pages (paper) Niu, C., M. Huang and M.Volesky, year …. Ref: Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering

34. Formal Technical Report Appendices • Raw data (neat with tables) • Calculated data • Sample calculation (using a set of data to show the steps of calculations) • Tables and Figures

35. Brief Technical Report • Title page and Table of contents • Summary a brief introduction stating the nature and purpose of the investigation a brief explanation of the procedures and apparatuses a summary of all the required results • Results and Discussion: include major graphs or tables • Conclusions • Recommendations • Appendices: only raw experimental data and a sample calculation Absence of abstract, introduction, theory/literature review, materials and methods sections

36. A good report • Careful measurements • Correct calculations • Understanding and use of the theory or models • Logical discussions • Correct conclusions Organized Clarity No grammar & typographical errors • References

37. Fundamentals of labs

38. Filtration A Standard Unit Operation: physical separation of solid particles from liquid or gas. a porous medium: fluid to pass through solid particles to be retained. Filter cake Filter medium Slurry flow Filtrate

39. a filtration plant for Water Treatment System (http://www.carrolltown.pa.us/CBMA/)

40. Filter cake Filter medium L Filtrate Slurry flow Filtration Theory • The driving force of filtration separation: the pressure upstream of the filter

41. Filtration Objectives: - Determine the relationship between the upstream filter pressure and the flowrate - Evaluate the applicability of the selected model - Determine the model parameters - Demonstrate the effect of filter aid (perlite) on the filtration of CaCO3 slurry - Develop skills on design of a filtration process

42. Theory:The upstream filter pressure P (Pa)(Bennett and Myers, 1982) P=(K1V+K2)Q if the cake is incompressibleFor constant flowrate filtration Q, V=Qt, then P=K1Q2t+K2Q Plot P~t, get K1 and K2where V: the volume of filtrate collected (m3) Q: the flowrate of filtrate (m3/s);t: time(s);K1 and K2 : constants, highly dependent on the characteristics ofcake and filter medium, respectively

43. K1 and K2 values: • Dependent on the characteristics • of cake, liquid and filter medium • Determined by measuring • the upstream filter pressure P • as a function of time at specific Q • Evaluate the resistances of the cake • and filter medium • for filter design: • theoretically predict the required driving force

44. Fermentation: Kinetics of Yeast Growth • Involves in Yeast growth on substrate glucose • Major end products: Ethanol: beer, wine, fuel yeast biomass: high poundage product 500million pounds/year

45. Yeast needed for daily life

46. Fermentation: Kinetics of Yeast Growth Objectives: - Demonstrate the yeast batch growth curve - Determine the parameters of Monod equation. - Calculate the yields of the products - Design a fermentor for ethanol production

47. Fermentation theory(J.M. Lee, 1992) C6H12O6→ 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 • Substrate: glucose • Microorganism: yeast • Low oxygen concentration • theoretical yielded ethanol: 51.1% by weight

48. Typical growth curve for microorganism cells

49. Theory cont.

50. Theory cont.